Progress in neuro-psychopharmacology & biological psychiatry
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Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry · May 2004
Intracisternal NMDA produces analgesia in the orofacial formalin test of freely moving rats.
The present study was performed to investigate the antinociceptive response to the intracisternal administration of NMDA in the orofacial area. To achieve this purpose, the effects of NMDA injected intracisternally on the orofacial formalin test were monitored in freely moving rats. We also investigated underlying the mechanisms of NMDA-induced antinociceptive response. ⋯ Pretreatment with L-NAME, NO synthesis inhibitor, however, did not affect the antinociceptive response produced by NMDA injected intracisternally. These results suggest that NMDA injected intracisternally produces brief pain behavioral responses and also produces delayed antinociceptive effects in the orofacial formalin test. The opioid pathway seems to be involved in the NMDA-induced antinociception in the orofacial area.
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Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry · May 2004
Clinical TrialAdd-on gabapentin in the treatment of opiate withdrawal.
Gabapentin is an antiepileptic drug shown to be effective in the treatment of pain disorders and appears to be useful as well for several psychiatric disorders, including bipolar disorder, anxiety disorders, alcohol withdrawal and cocaine dependence. Gabapentin, at a dose of 600 mg three times a day, was evaluated as an add-on medication to a standard detoxification regime in seven heroin dependent individuals undergoing outpatient opiate withdrawal treatment. ⋯ No adverse event was noted. Gabapentin appeared to lead a reduction in symptomatic medication and an overall beneficial effect on symptoms of heroin withdrawal.
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Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry · May 2004
Comparative StudyComparison of risperidone and olanzapine as used under "real-world" conditions in a state psychiatric hospital.
As a follow-up to our previous study of clozapine, medical records of a state psychiatric hospital were reviewed for patients who were prescribed an atypical antipsychotic. From that sample, demographic and clinical data were obtained for individuals with an initial score of 35 or greater on the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS), and at least two additional successive monthly BPRS ratings. A total of 100 patients met the criteria. ⋯ These results indicate a modest therapeutic advantage of olanzapine compared to risperidone, and a substantial degree of polypharmacy in the use of atypical antipsychotics. This uncontrolled "real-world" evaluation supports data from controlled clinical trials, showing that either risperidone or olanzapine would be a reasonable first choice in patients with treatment-resistant schizophrenia, with the decision based on the least adverse side effect profile and economic constraints. When compared to our previous clozapine study, we confirm a slight advantage for the effectiveness of clozapine in the treatment of this refractory population.
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Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry · May 2004
Effect of inescapable tones on behavioral despair in Wistar rats.
The present experiment investigated the potentially differential effects of presenting inescapable tones with progressively increasing or decreasing durations on performance in behavioral despair, an animal model of depression based on two forced swim tests. Groups of female Wistar rats (n=8 each) were exposed to 60 inescapable tones (2000 Hz, 120 dB) either in a series of increasing or decreasing durations. Duration of tone exposure was incrementally increased (from 1 to 10 s) or decreased (from 10 to 1 s) by 1 s every six trials. ⋯ Animals were exposed to a 15 min forced swim test a day after tone (or control) treatment, followed by a 5 min swim test 24 h later. Analyses were done on diving, jumping, head shakes, duration and time of onset of immobility for the two swim tests. Compared to controls, animals that received tone exposure displayed greater immobility in the second swim test, indicating aggravation of behavioral despair due to inescapable tones.