Annales françaises d'anesthèsie et de rèanimation
-
Postoperative pulmonary complications (PPCs) are a major contributor to the overall risk of surgery. PPCs affect the length of hospital stay and are associated with a higher in-hospital mortality. ⋯ When the risk is clearly identified related to the patient according the ARISCAT score and/or the type of surgery (mainly thoracic and abdominal), low-cost preemptive interventions improve outcomes and new strategies can be developed to prevent this risk. The EuSOS, PERISCOPE and IMPROVE studies demonstrated this care optimization by risk identification first, then risk stratification and new care (multifaceted) strategies implementation allowing a decrease in PPCs mortality by optimizing the clinical path of the patient and the care resources.
-
Ann Fr Anesth Reanim · Jul 2014
ReviewHow to preoxygenate in operative room: Healthy subjects and situations "at risk"
Intubation is one of the most common procedures performed in operative rooms. It can be associated with life-threatening complications when difficult airway access occurs, in patients who cannot tolerate even a slight hypoxemia or when performed in patients at risk of oxygen desaturation during intubation, as obese, critically-ill and pregnant patients. To improve intubation safety, preoxygenation is a major technique, extending the duration of safe apnoea, defined as the time until a patient reaches an arterial saturation level of 88% to 90%, to allow for placement of a definitive airway. ⋯ Recent studies have indicated that in order to maximize the value of preoxygenation (i.e, oxygenation stores) obese and critically-ill patients can benefit from the combination of breathing 100% oxygen and non-invasive positive pressure ventilation (NIV) with end-expiratory positive pressure (PEEP) in the proclive position (Trendelenburg reverse). Recruitment manoeuvres may be of interest immediately after intubation to limit the risk of lung derecruitment. Further studies are needed in the field of preoxygenation in pregnant women.
-
Hypernatremia is defined by a serum sodium concentration of more than 145 mmol/L and reflects a disturbance of the regulation between water and sodium. The high incidence of hypernatremia in patients with severe brain injury is due various causes including poor thirst, diabetes insipidus, iatrogenic sodium administration, and primary hyperaldosteronism. ⋯ Because of the rapid brain adaptation to extracellular hypertonicity, sustained hypernatremia exposes the patient to an exacerbation of brain edema during attempt to normalize natremia. Like serum glucose, serum sodium concentration must be tightly monitored in the intensive care unit.
-
Cerebral oedema (CO) after brain injury can occur from different ways. The vasogenic and cytotoxic oedema are usually described but osmotic and hydrostatic CO, respectively secondary to plasmatic hypotonia or increase in blood pressure, can also be encountered. Addition of these several mechanisms can worsen injuries. ⋯ So therapeutic care to control this phenomenon is essential and osmotherapy is actually the only way. A better understanding of physiopathological disorders, particularly energetic ways (lactate), aquaporine function, inflammation lead to new therapeutic hopes. The promising experimental results need now to be confirmed by clinical data.
-
Ann Fr Anesth Reanim · Jun 2014
Review[Intravenous lipid emulsion and local anesthetic-induced systemic toxicity: Mechanisms and limits.]
Intravenous lipid emulsions (ILE) are recommended today in cases of local anesthetic-induced systemic toxicity (LAST). The objectives of this review consists in describing mechanisms involved in the interaction between ILE and local anesthetic (LA) factors influencing this interaction and the limits associated with the use of ILE. ⋯ Prescription of ILE is recommended by published guidelines on LAST resuscitation. ILE cannot substitute to the standard resuscitation protocol. It should be added to that protocol. Experimental studies as well as a case report registry will allow understanding further the effects induced by the ILE-LA association.