Der Orthopäde
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Radiography is still the basic imaging method in traumatology and orthopedics. However, technical improvements and new imaging modalities may partially replace the conventional diagnostic imaging strategies. This review describes actual indications of x-ray examination, computed tomography (CT), ultrasonography and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). New developments and future aspects in digital radiology, CT and MRI, two- and three-dimensional reconstruction techniques and image guided therapies are demonstrated.
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Nail, plate and external fixator are since decades the most frequently and stabilizers for the surgical treatment of dia- and metaphyseal fractures. These elements are still present today. ⋯ Beside an overview about the current discussion of unreamed and reamed nail insertion new trends, techniques and nails are presented for the different long bones (retrograde nails, spiral blade, flex-nail humerus and a distal aiming device (DAD) for interlocking screws). In addition, new approach techniques for nailing (stab incision) and minimally invasive percutaneous plate osteosynthesis (MIPO) for metaphyseal fractures of the proximal and distal femur and proximal tibia are described including the necessary techniques for control of axes and rotation.