Alcohol
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The pathogenic mechanism underlying alcoholic fatty liver (AFL) is not clear. Autophagy is a self-digestion process that is critical for the maintenance of cellular homeostasis and regulation of lipid metabolism. We investigated the role of autophagy and autophagic flux in hepatic injury induced by chronic ethanol feeding in mice. ⋯ Moreover, accumulation of autophagosomes was observed by transmission electron microscopy in chronic ethanol-treated mice. Chronic ethanol consumption decreased protein expression of LC3 lipidation-related proteins Atg3 and Atg7, and the lysosomal proteins lysosome-associated membrane protein-2 and Rab7, and increased the protein expression of calpain 1 and phosphorylated mammalian target of rapamycin. Taken together, these findings suggest that chronic ethanol consumption leads to impairment of autophagic flux, which contributes to ethanol-induced liver injury.