The Clinical journal of pain
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Multicenter Study Clinical Trial
Facial expression of children receiving immunizations: a principal components analysis of the child facial coding system.
To identify the structure of facial reaction to procedural pain and to determine the subset of facial actions that best describe the response. ⋯ These results provide a preliminary indication that the Child Facial Coding System can be reduced to components that reflect several aspects of children's acute pain experience and predict self-reports and observer reports of children's pain.
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Multicenter Study
Surgical patients' fear of addiction to pain medication: the effect of an educational program for clinicians.
The appropriate and optimal use of analgesics is essential for the adequate management of postoperative pain. Concern that use of opioid analgesics contributes to the development of addiction is a barrier to effective pain relief. The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of fear of addiction in postoperative patients in relation to surgical outcomes and staff participation in an educational program. ⋯ Fear of addiction is not prevalent among postoperative patients, yet clinician education can further decrease the proportion of surgical patients who fear of addiction to pain medication.