The Clinical journal of pain
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Randomized Controlled Trial
A randomized controlled trial of the ShotBlocker for children's immunization distress.
Vaccinations protect children against deadly diseases and approximately 30 immunizations are recommended for children by 6 years of age. However, immunization injections cause negative short-term and long-term consequences for children. The Gate Control Theory of pain suggests that physical interventions (eg, rubbing the site) may be helpful, but they are not well validated for children's acute pain. This randomized trial examined the effectiveness of the ShotBlocker, a physical intervention designed to decrease children's injection pain. ⋯ The data do not support the effectiveness of the ShotBlocker for acute pediatric pain relief. Clinical and theoretical implications are discussed.
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Randomized Controlled Trial
Effects of intensity of Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation (TENS) on pressure pain threshold and blood pressure in healthy humans: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.
Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) is primarily used for pain relief. However, evidence is beginning to emerge that TENS may also have a lowering effect on systemic blood pressure (BP). The purpose of this study was to investigate the comparative effects of 2 intensities on pressure pain threshold (PPT) and resting BP in healthy humans, using low-frequency stimulation applied segmentally to the pain site. ⋯ These results affirm that high levels of intensity are of fundamental importance in effective TENS dosage. This also applies for low frequency, segmental stimulation. Resting BP seems not to be dependent on intensity.
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Randomized Controlled Trial Comparative Study Clinical Trial
A comparison of the effectiveness of landmark-guided injections and ultrasonography guided injections for shoulder pain.
To compare the effectiveness of landmark-guided local injections and ultrasonography (USG) guided injections for shoulder pain. ⋯ Our results indicate that the injection of corticosteroids to patients with shoulder pain due to soft tissue disorders under the USG-guidance may improve therapeutic effectiveness and reduce adverse effects.