The Clinical journal of pain
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Opioid analgesics may be associated with chronic adverse effects, such as opioid-induced constipation (OIC). Available and emerging prescription medications for OIC in patients with chronic noncancer pain are described, including concerns and challenges associated with OIC management. ⋯ Health care providers should be aware of this complication in patients receiving opioids and should monitor and address constipation-related symptoms to optimize pain management and improve patient quality of life.
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Educating patients about the neurobiologic basis of their pain experience is an important part of managing patients with pain disorders. The aim of this study was to evaluate the measurement properties of the Neurophysiology of Pain Questionnaire (NPQ) in a population seeking osteopathy treatment for both acute and chronic musculoskeletal pain symptoms. ⋯ The study provides further evidence for the validity of the NPQ total score, derived from a population seeking care for an acute or chronic musculoskeletal pain complaint. The total score is interval-level data and can be used to evaluate changes in pain knowledge before, during, and after pain education interventions. Future studies could utilize this revised version of the NPQ in longitudinal designs and also evaluate pain knowledge changes in conjunction with other objective or subjective pain measures.
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This systematic review aimed to identify and evaluate prognostic factors for long-term (≥6 mo) physical functioning in patients with chronic musculoskeletal pain following multidisciplinary rehabilitation (MDR). ⋯ While pain intensity and long-term chronicity did not predict physical functioning in chronic pain patients after MDR, poor pretreatment physical and psychological functioning influenced the prognosis negatively. Thus, treatment should further target and optimize these modifiable factors and an increased focus on positive, psychological protective factors may perhaps provide an opening for yet untapped clinical gains.
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Randomized Controlled Trial
THE IMPACT OF THREE DIFFERENT DISTRACTION TECHNIQUES ON THE PAIN AND ANXIETY LEVELS OF CHILDREN DURING VENIPUNCTURE: A CLINICAL TRIAL.
Invasive procedures are important causes of pain and anxiety during hospitalization. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of 3 different distraction methods on the pain and anxiety levels of children during venipuncture. ⋯ The distraction techniques of playing VG, watching CM, and PI appear to be effective in reducing anxiety and pain perception in children during the procedure of venipuncture. The most effective method was playing VG.
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Observational Study
Effects of Spinal Cord and Peripheral Nerve Stimulation Reflected in Sensory Profiles and Endogenous Pain Modulation.
Spinal cord and peripheral nerve stimulation (SCS/PNS) may alleviate chronic pain; however, the underlying mechanisms remain controversial. The aim of this observational study was to assess sensory changes in the ON-conditions and OFF-conditions to obtain insights into the mechanism of analgesic effects of SCS/PNS. ⋯ The analgesic effect of SCS/PNS did not correlate with changes of single sensory parameters, but SCS/PNS reduced the number of abnormal hyperalgesic findings disregarding the kind of applied stimuli, suggesting a general antihyperalgesic effect. In addition, stimulation improved the endogenous pain inhibition. Both findings indicate that SCS/PNS may modulate central circuits.