Brain injury : [BI]
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Brain injury : [BI] · Jan 2015
Review Historical ArticleChronic traumatic encephalopathy in professional sports: retrospective and prospective views.
The purposes of this paper are to review: (1) the history of chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE) in sports, (2) the similarities and differences between historic and current definitions of CTE, (3) recent epidemiology and cohort studies of CTE and (4) controversies regarding the current CTE positions. ⋯ There are multiple causes of abnormal tau protein deposition in the human brain and the pathogenesis of CTE may not be related solely to concussion and/or sub-concussive injury. In all likelihood, the causes of CTE are a multivariate, as opposed to a univariate, phenomenon.
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Brain injury : [BI] · Jan 2015
ReviewTranscranial magnetic stimulation: A potential new treatment for depression associated with traumatic brain injury.
Each year, more than 1.7 million Americans suffer a traumatic brain injury (TBI) and the lifetime prevalence of major depressive disorder following TBI is between 25-50%. There are no validated established strategies to treat TBI depression. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) is a novel putative treatment option for post-TBI depression, which, compared with standard pharmacological agents, may provide a more targeted treatment with fewer side-effects. However, TBI is associated with an increased risk of both early and late spontaneous seizures, a significant consideration in evaluating rTMS as a potential treatment for TBI depression. Whilst the risk of seizure from rTMS is low, underlying neuropathology may somewhat increase that risk. ⋯ It is concluded that pilot safety and tolerability studies should be first conducted in persons with TBI and neuropsychiatric comorbidities. These results could be used to help design larger randomized controlled trials.
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Brain injury : [BI] · Jan 2015
ReviewOutcomes from mild and moderate traumatic brain injuries among children and adolescents: A systematic review of studies from 2008-2013.
To systematically review existing empirical evidence concerning neuropsychological, psychosocial and academic outcomes following mild and moderate TBI during childhood and adolescence. ⋯ The results suggest that not all children with mild or moderate TBI recover without long-term problems. Few studies followed children and adolescents with mild TBIs for extended periods of time, although it is clinically important to monitor patients over time.
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Brain injury : [BI] · Jan 2015
ReviewOutcomes from mild and moderate traumatic brain injuries among children and adolescents: A systematic review of studies from 2008-2013.
To systematically review existing empirical evidence concerning neuropsychological, psychosocial and academic outcomes following mild and moderate TBI during childhood and adolescence. ⋯ The results suggest that not all children with mild or moderate TBI recover without long-term problems. Few studies followed children and adolescents with mild TBIs for extended periods of time, although it is clinically important to monitor patients over time.
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Brain injury : [BI] · Jan 2015
ReviewExposure to sub-concussive head injury in boxing and other sports.
Current characterizations of chronic traumatic brain injury (CTBI) in boxing, football and other sports are reviewed in the context of the history of research on sub-concussive brain trauma in athletes. ⋯ Recommendations for development of exposure models for sport-specific phenotypic characterizations of CTBI are presented.