Nutrition
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Although the expression of hepatic lipogenic genes is enhanced in insulin resistance, the underlying mechanism is unclear. To reveal the details, the aim of this study was to investigate whether the expression of hepatic lipogenic genes are mediated by epigenetic regulation and specific transcription factors in an insulin resistance model of rats. ⋯ The results of this study indicate that expression of the Fasn gene in the livers of insulin-resistant rats is associated with increased H3K4 methylation, increased histone H3 acetylation, and increased H4 acetylation, and also, binding levels of ChREBP to promoter/enhancer region of Fasn gene is involved in the Fasn gene expression caused by hyperglycemia.
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Review Meta Analysis
Yogurt for treating antibiotic-associated diarrhea: Systematic review and meta-analysis.
Antibiotic-associated diarrhea (AAD) is a common complication in individuals treated with antibiotics. The aim of this review was to systematically evaluate the efficacy of yogurt consumption for the prevention of AAD. ⋯ Given the simple nature of the intervention, the scarcity of data is noteworthy. No consistent effect of yogurt consumption for preventing AAD was shown. However, the data are limited and the included trials had methodological limitations. Results from large, rigorously designed RCTs are needed to assess the effect of yogurt consumption on AAD prevention.
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The Global Burden of Disease Study and related studies report unhealthy diet is the leading risk for death and disability globally. Given the evidence associating diet and non-communicable diseases (NCDs), international and national health bodies including the World Health Organization and United Nations have called for population health interventions to improve diet as a means to target NCDs. One of the proposed interventions is to ensure healthy foods/beverages are more accessible to purchasers and unhealthy ones less accessible via fiscal policy, namely taxation and subsidies. ⋯ The quality, level and strength of evidence along with identified gaps in research support the need for further policies and ongoing evaluation of population-wide food/beverage subsidies and taxation. To maximize success and effect, this review suggests that food taxes and subsidies should be a minimum of 10 to 15% and preferably used in tandem. Implementation of population-wide polices for taxation and subsides with ongoing evaluation of intended and unintended effects are supported by this review.
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Randomized Controlled Trial Comparative Study
Postprandial adiponectin and gelatinase response to a high-fat versus an isoenergetic low-fat meal in lean, healthy men.
Evidence suggests that an acute systemic inflammatory response is invoked after consumption of a high-energy meal. Postprandial regulation of adiponectin, an adipose tissue-derived, anti-inflammatory hormone, and the gelatinases, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 and MMP-9, endopeptidases implicated in a diverse range of inflammatory processes, remain inconclusive. The aim of this study was to assess the postprandial effect of a high-energy (1212 kcal) meal on plasma adiponectin, MMP-2 and MMP-9 activity, glucose, insulin, triacylglycerols, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and the differential effects on these parameters depending on whether the test meal was high fat (HF; 46 g fat, 1210 kcal) or isoenergetic and low fat (LF; 15 g fat, 1214 kcal energy). ⋯ No differential effects of a HF versus a LF isoenergetic meal were seen on postprandial adiponectin or the gelatinases. Adiponectin increased in response to a high-energy meal independent of treatment, and the gelatinases were lower in response to the HF versus the LF isoenergetic meal, independent of time point. Given the considerable amount of time that humans spend in the postprandial state, additional research is necessary to further understand inflammatory changes in this state.
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Controlled Clinical Trial
Maternal vitamin A supplementation increases natural antibody concentrations of preadolescent offspring in rural Nepal.
B1a lymphocytes-which constitutively produce most natural antibodies (NAb)-arise from an early wave of progenitors unique to fetal life. Vitamin A regulates early lymphopoiesis. In animals, deficiency during this critical period compromises B1 cell populations. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of maternal supplementation with vitamin A or β-carotene from preconception through lactation on NAb concentrations of offspring. ⋯ In an undernourished population, maternal vitamin A supplementation enhanced NAb concentrations of preadolescent children. We posit that this was due to a greater allotment of B1a precursors during fetal life and a sustained higher count of NAb-secreting B1a cells.