Nutrition
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The aim of this review is to summarize recent developments on the mechanisms involved in stress hyperglycemia associated with critical illness. Different aspects of the consequences of stress hyperglycemia as well as the therapeutic approaches tested so far are discussed: the physiological regulations of blood glucose, the mechanisms underlying stress hyperglycemia, the clinical associations, and the results of the prospective trials and meta-analyses to be taken into consideration when interpreting the available data. Current recommendations, challenges, and technological hopes for the future are be discussed.
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Since the early 1990s enteral nutrition (EN) has been considered the optimal route of feeding rather than parenteral nutrition (PN), which was considered harmful in critically ill patients with intense inflammation. The aim of this review was to summarize recent developments and progress in PN, which have changed the view on this feeding technique. PubMed and personal databases were searched for studies and reviews reporting historical development of PN, and for clinical trials conducted after 2010 investigating PN in critical illness, comparing it to EN or not. ⋯ A pragmatic and reasonable approach offers better options for the individual patient. Although PN is simpler to deliver than EN, its metabolic consequences are more complicated to handle. A combination of both techniques may be a more reasonable approach in the sickest patients.
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Randomized Controlled Trial
Effects of cholecalciferol supplementation on inflammatory markers and muscle damage indices of soccer players after a simulated soccer match.
Soccer-induced muscle damage and inflammation lead to a reduction in athletic performance. The aim of this study was to determine whether supplementation with cholecalciferol would reduce inflammation and muscle damage in soccer players after a simulated soccer match. ⋯ The study showed that 50 000 IU/wk of cholecalciferol supplementation for 8 wk increased the 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels, with no effect on muscle damage indices or CRP. However, The IL-6 concentration was generally higher in the intervention group.
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Digestive health plays key role in our active daily life; but maintaining proper bowel movements, i.e., being free from constipation, diarrhea, irritable bowel syndrome, inflammatory bowel disease, flatulence, bloating, and abdominal pain, is complex. Dietary fibers often are recommended to maintain proper digestive health, but none seems to provide a single comprehensive solution for overall maintanance of proper digestive health. Guar fiber, however, has emerged as a credible candidate for just such a solution. ⋯ The studies suggest that a regular intake of 5 to 10 g/d guar fiber is effective to treat most of the morbidities associated with digestive health. Guar fiber is all natural. It may offer potential protection and promotion of digestive health both alone and when combined with probiotics as a synbiotic formula.
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Obesity is one of the most prevalent health problems worldwide. It is a complex disease that is generally accompanied by insulin resistance, increases in oxidative stress and inflammation biomarkers, and potentially, microRNA (miRNA) dysregulation. ⋯ To our knowledge, data regarding the link between the consumption of polyphenols from food sources, miRNA expression, and inflammation biomarkers related to obesity is scarce, and most data available describing this relationship are found in cancer studies. This review focuses on the polyphenols that modulate the metabolism, inflammation, or both related to obesity to understand the extent to which miRNA expression can be modulated by dietary interventions.