Nutrition
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Maintaining muscle quality throughout life is crucial to human health and well-being. Muscle is the most extensive form of protein storage in the human body; skeletal muscle mass is determined by the balance between muscle protein synthesis (MPS) and muscle protein breakdown (MPB). MPB provides amino acids needed by various organs; however, excessive MPB, especially with aging, may cause loss of muscle mass and a decline in motor function, even threatening life. ⋯ Amino acids other than BCAAs such as threonine and tryptophan may also have MPS-stimulating effects, and alternatives to BCAAs, such as β-hydroxy-β-methyl butyrate and branched-chain keto acids are also worthy of further investigation. Amino acids coordinate protein synthesis and degradation through the mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1); however, the amino acid-mTORC1-protein synthesis pathway is complex, and new insights into amino acid control continue to emerge. Understanding how amino acids control MPS is of forward-looking significance for treating muscle mass loss during human aging.
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The aims of this study were to examine the association between osteoporotic vertebral compression refractures (OVCRFs) and visceral fat and to identify other risk factors for OVCRFs. ⋯ High VFA is a highly independent risk factor for OVCRFs. Other factors affecting OVCRFs include belonging to the female sex and low BMD. In overweight and obese patients, high VFA and low BMD are independent risk factors for OVCRFs.
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Review
Nutritional strategies for autophagy activation and health consequences of autophagy impairment.
Currently, the plague of chronic diseases, such as overweight, obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases, is associated with chronic inflammation as an effect of homeostasis disbalance. One of the processes involved in homeostasis maintenance is autophagy, which is also referred to as self-eating or cellular recycling. Due to the correlation between the epidemic scale of chronic diseases and autophagy impairment, strategies for autophagy activation are urgently needed. ⋯ Autophagy is involved in different dysfunctions and diseases; thus, activation strategies are urgently needed. A high potential in the prevention and therapies of chronic diseases by means of autophagy induction can be expected from nutritional behaviors. To date, most studies were carried out in vitro or in a murine model. Thus, further, well-designed, clinical trials are needed to provide the missing understanding of the nutritional potential to regulate specific signaling pathways that keep autophagy running smoothly.
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The aim of this study was to evaluate the association of differential body water composition with survival in patients with lung cancer. ⋯ Greater ICW and ECW, especially ICW, were independent predictors for better survival in patients with lung cancer. Female patients were more vulnerable to dehydration than male patients.
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Observational Study
Body composition in patients with hepatic glycogen storage diseases.
The present study aimed to evaluate the body composition of hepatic glycogen storage disorders (GSDs) through dual energy x-ray absorptiometry. ⋯ These findings suggest a high frequency of elevated FM in patients with hepatic GSDs. We also suggest that treatment with UCCS is associated with excess weight in these patients. Additionally, the treatment strategy can impair protein intake, and lead to a decrease in LM.