Nutrition
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We compared plasma biomarkers of antioxidant status, oxidative stress, inflammation, and risk for coronary heart disease in long-term vegetarians and age- and sex-matched omnivores. ⋯ A long-term vegetarian diet is associated with markedly higher fasting plasma AA concentrations and lower concentrations of TAG, UA, and hsCRP. Long-term vegetarians have a better antioxidant status and coronary heart disease risk profile than do apparently healthy omnivores. Plasma AA may act a useful marker of overall health status.
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We evaluated the effect of iron supplementation on biochemical indicators of iron status, namely hemoglobin (Hb), serum ferritin (SF), and serum transferrin receptor (sTfR), during pregnancy. ⋯ These observations suggest that, during pregnancy, sTfR responds to iron supplementation when there is iron-deficiency anemia and therefore can be used as an indicator.
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Recent studies have shown that leptin receptor is expressed in human and rat pituitary glands. The expression of leptin receptor in rats whose dams were malnourished during lactation has not been previously reported. ⋯ In the fed state, leptin has a stimulatory effect on release of thyroid-stimulating hormone. The higher expression of leptin receptor in the pituitary of animals from protein- and energy-restricted dams may suggest a postreceptor failure in leptin action. This higher receptor expression may have allowed a greater inhibition of release of thyroid-stimulating hormone.
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Public health recommendations encourage the selection of a balanced diet and increasing physical activity to foster health and well-being. Whereas the adverse effects of restricted intakes of protein, fat, and carbohydrate on physical performance are well known, there is limited information about the impact of low intakes of vitamins and minerals on the exercise capacity and performance of humans. Physically active people generally consume amounts of vitamins and minerals consistent with the recommendations for the general public. ⋯ Use of vitamin and mineral supplements does not improve measures of performance in people consuming adequate diets. Young girls and individuals participating in activities with weight classifications or aesthetic components are prone to nutrient deficiencies because they restrict food intake and specific micronutrient-rich foods. This information will be useful to professionals who counsel physically active people and scientific groups who make dietary recommendations to improve health and optimize genetic potential.