Journal of neurotrauma
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The recent finding that small variations in brain temperature can critically determine the extent of histopathological injury in animal models of brain injury has generated renewed interest in hypothermic brain protection. Whereas mild hypothermia protects the brain from ischemic and traumatic brain injury, mild hyperthermia worsens ischemic outcome. ⋯ The purpose of this article is to review and discuss recent findings demonstrating the importance of brain temperature in ischemic and traumatic brain injury. Potential mechanisms by which mild hypothermia may attenuate and mild hyperthermia accentuate the detrimental consequences of brain injury are reviewed.
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Journal of neurotrauma · Mar 1992
ReviewControl of intracranial pressure in patients with severe head injury.
Raised intracranial pressure (ICP) occurs at some time in 50-75% of severely head injured patients. Measurement of ICP alone is not sufficient. Arterial pressure must also be monitored: the important physiological variable is cerebral perfusion pressure. ⋯ Additional measurements of importance include brain electrical activity, arterial and jugular venous oxygen saturation, and blood flow velocity in major intracranial arteries measured by transcranial Doppler sonography. These assessments not only add information about the cause of intracranial hypertension (vascular vs. nonvascular) but also help to regulate therapy, providing early warning that a treatment for reducing the ICP is actually producing global brain ischemia. In the management of raised ICP, all correctable factors must first of all be dealt with, then a choice made between hypnotic drugs and osmotic therapy according to whether the cause of raised ICP is, respectively, vascular or nonvascular.
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The authors review acute and delayed traumatic intracerebral hemorrhages. Based on recent experimental and clinical data, these injuries' clinical presentation, pathologic characteristics, and treatment are discussed. A description of traumatic hemorrhage based on biomechanics is emphasized.
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Journal of neurotrauma · Mar 1992
ReviewCerebral blood flow, cerebral blood volume, and cerebrovascular reactivity after severe head injury.
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) often causes disturbances of the cerebrovascular circulation, which contribute to the infliction of secondary injury, although the complex nature of the mechanisms involved is not fully understood. First, the role of ischemia in TBI is still controversial. Despite experimental and pathologic data suggesting important interactions between ischemia and trauma, evidence for posttraumatic ischemia with CBF measurements in patients so far had eluded most investigators. ⋯ Impairment of cerebrovascular CO2 reactivity and autoregulation often occurs after TBI. Although no correlation with the severity of injury or outcome has been established, it is obvious that diminished adaptive responses of the cerebral vasculature render the brain more vulnerable to additional systemic insults, such as derangements of blood pressure, altered rheology, or hypoxia. The posttraumatic status of vascular reactivity and autoregulation also has important implications with regard to the treatment of high ICP, in particular for the use of hyperventilation and pharmacologic management of blood pressure, which are discussed in detail.
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Journal of neurotrauma · Mar 1992
ReviewExperimental models for spinal cord injury research: physical and physiological considerations.
This paper describes historical and current experimental models used to develop our current understanding of the biomechanics and pathophysiology of traumatic spinal cord injury; the advantages and limitations of current experimental models; considerations for selecting an appropriate injury model based on experimental objectives; and key physiological factors in the spinal cord injury response that may interact with the injury response and alter the outcome. All of the above must be considered in the development and selection of an appropriate experimental injury model that meets specific needs. Various experimental models have been developed to study spinal cord injury and the pathophysiological and physical mechanisms responsible for tissue damage and loss of function. ⋯ Also, experimental techniques, especially anesthesia, and surgical procedures, should be carefully reviewed for interactions with the injury response or potential therapeutic interventions to ensure validity of interpretation. It is hoped that data correlating physical spinal cord injury parameters with functional outcome will ultimately be combined with data on vertebral injury and spinal failure mechanics to further our understanding of clinical injury. Such approaches should lead to interventions that reduce the incidence and severity of traumatic human spinal cord injury.