Journal of clinical anesthesia
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The specialty of anesthesia was established in German medicine in 1953 with the founding of the Germany Society of Anaesthesia and the inclusion of a "specialist in anesthesia" as part of the German medical training requirements. Anesthesia training is offered to students and residents and as a part of continuing education. ⋯ Of those, about 320 are fully accredited. Continuing education in West German anesthesia is very similar to that offered in the United States.
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The first ether anesthetic was administered in Germany by J. F. Heyfelder (1798-1869) at the Erlangen University Hospital on January 24, 1847. ⋯ Killian and Gauss established the first journals, Der Schmerz and Narkose und Anaesthesie, in 1928. After the Second World War, the field of anesthesia in Germany rapidly regained international standards. The journal Der Anaesthesist was founded in 1952, and the German Society for Anesthesiology and Intensive Medicine was established in 1953.
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As of 1991, intensive care medicine in Germany is not an independent medical specialty but a part of other main medical specialities such as anesthesiology, internal medicine, surgery, and pediatrics. Accordingly, there is neither formal training nor a separate board examination in intensive care medicine. ⋯ Surgical (or operative) ICUs predominantly are operated by anesthesiology departments, as anesthesiologists' expertise in respiratory and hemodynamic support qualifies them for the management of the critically ill patient in the perioperative phase. This article gives a brief review of the development of intensive care medicine in Germany, thereby providing the historical background for its present national and regional organization, facilities, and education and training programs.
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Randomized Controlled Trial Comparative Study Clinical Trial
The effectiveness of oral clonidine as a sedative/anxiolytic and as a drug to blunt the hemodynamic responses to laryngoscopy.
To determine the effects of oral clonidine premedication on sedative, anxiolytic, and hemodynamic responses during the immediate preoperative period, laryngoscopy/intubation, and postanesthetic recovery. ⋯ Oral clonidine 0.2 mg was effective in reducing the level of behavioral and hemodynamic responses preoperatively and in blunting systolic hypertension produced by prolonged laryngoscopy.
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Randomized Controlled Trial Clinical Trial
Intubating conditions after pipecuronium bromide: the influence of dose and time.
To determine the intubating conditions following the administration of pipecuronium bromide in doses of two (0.07 mg/kg) or three (0.1 mg/kg) times ED95 (average dose that gives 95% block of the first twitch). ⋯ Pipecuronium has a relatively rapid onset. The trachea could be intubated successfully in 11/2 minutes with a dose of either 0.07 mg/kg or 0.1 mg/kg. If the clinical situation requires perfect relaxation with no movement or bucking, we recommend waiting at least 21/2 minutes.