Stereotactic and functional neurosurgery
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Stereotact Funct Neurosurg · Jan 2002
ReviewDeep brain stimulation for dystonia in adults. Overview and developments.
The renaissance of functional neurosurgery in the treatment of Parkinson's disease has sparked also the interest in other movement disorders which are refractory to medical treatment. Deep brain stimulation (DBS) has been used only since a few years in dystonia patients. This review summarizes the available data on pallidal and thalamic DBS for various dystonic syndromes. ⋯ There is much less experience with thalamic DBS for dystonia. Thalamic DBS has been shown to be effective in single cases with posttraumatic dystonia, postanoxic dystonia and paroxysmal nonkinesigenic dystonia. Future perspectives of DBS for treatment of dystonia include the development of new technology, the evaluation of the possible role of other targets, and carefully planned studies to further establish the role of surgery.
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Stereotact Funct Neurosurg · Jan 2002
Review Comparative StudyDeep brain stimulation for Parkinson's disease. A critical re-evaluation of STN versus GPi DBS.
Deep brain stimulation (DBS) in the subthalamic nucleus (STN) and the internal segment of the globus pallidus (GPi) is increasingly being used for the treatment of advanced Parkinson's disease (PD). Although both targets have demonstrated clinical efficacy in the treatment of the cardinal motor signs of PD, the STN has gained greater popularity and is now considered the site of choice by most centers performing these procedures. This preference stems predominately from the belief that STN DBS provides greater improvement in reducing the motor manifestations of PD and allows a reduction in dopaminergic medication not permitted with GPi DBS. ⋯ In addition, there are significantly more reports of changes in mood, behavior and a higher incidence of adverse events reported for STN stimulation. Most studies of DBS are nonrandomized, assessment protocols are not standardized, and lead locations are not reported. Thus, before drawing conclusions regarding the optimal site for DBS for advanced PD we must take a critical eye to the present data and address the outstanding questions that remain with well-designed clinical trials that evaluate motor, nonmotor and adverse events and address the above clinical variables by randomizing patients, using standardized methods of assessment and defining the lead location.
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Stereotact Funct Neurosurg · Jan 2002
ReviewPlacement of deep brain stimulators into the subthalamic nucleus or Globus pallidus internus: technical approach.
Deep brain stimulation (DBS) represents a major advance in the treatment of Parkinson's disease (PD). As more neurosurgeons enter this field, technical descriptions of implantation techniques are needed. ⋯ The essential steps in DBS implantation are magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-guided stereotactic localization, confirmation of the motor territory of the target nucleus with microelectrode mapping, and intra-operative test stimulation to determine voltage thresholds for stimulation-induced adverse effects. Lead locations are documented by postoperative MRI in all cases.