Journal of anesthesia
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Journal of anesthesia · Oct 2015
Ultrasound imaging of the musculocutaneous nerve of infants, preschool children, and school children.
The purpose of this imaging study was to investigate whether the musculocutaneous nerve could be visualized ultrasonographically in childhood and to assess how its visualization changes with age. Forty-two children participated in this prospective imaging study. ⋯ For school-aged children, distal visualization of the musculocutaneous nerve reached 100 %. The musculocutaneous nerve is detectable in childhood by use of ultrasonography; success of detection was high for all the age groups examined.
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Journal of anesthesia · Oct 2015
The effective bolus dose of remifentanil to facilitate laryngeal mask airway insertion during inhalation induction of sevoflurane in children.
The additional administration of remifentanil during inhalation induction with sevoflurane could provide better conditions for laryngeal mask airway (LMA) insertion than sevoflurane alone. This study was designed to evaluate the 50 % effective bolus dose (ED50) and 95 % effective bolus dose (ED95) of remifentanil required for LMA insertion in children during inhalation induction with sevoflurane. ⋯ The ED50 and ED95 of remifentanil for successful LMA insertion in children were estimated to be 0.176 (0.168) and 0.268 μg/kg during inhalation induction with 2.1 % sevoflurane.
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Levobupivacaine has been developed as a safer alternative to bupivacaine because of its reduced systemic toxicity. However, the effect of directly delivering levobupivacaine into tracheal smooth muscle has not been adequately explored. We performed this study to determine the in vitro effects of levobupivacaine on isolated rat tracheal smooth muscle. ⋯ Contraction inhibition was statistically significant when 10(-5) and 10(-4) M levobupivacaine were applied, compared with the contraction inhibition that occurred in the control groups (p < 0.01). A high dose of levobupivacaine also decreased the spike contraction induced by electrical field stimulation. This study indicated that high concentrations of levobupivacaine might antagonize the cholinergic receptors and inhibit parasympathetic function of the trachea.
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Journal of anesthesia · Oct 2015
The combination of insulin-like growth factor 1 and erythropoietin protects against ischemic spinal cord injury in rabbits.
Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) and erythropoietin (EPO) have been reported to independently protect against ischemic spinal cord injury in rabbits. In the present study, we investigated whether the combination of IGF-1 and EPO protects against ischemic spinal cord injury in rabbits. ⋯ The combination of IGF-1 and EPO protects against ischemic spinal cord injury in rabbits. JAK2 might contribute to the protective effect.
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Journal of anesthesia · Oct 2015
The over-production of TNF-α via Toll-like receptor 4 in spinal dorsal horn contributes to the chronic postsurgical pain in rat.
Many patients suffer from chronic postsurgical pain (CPSP) following surgery, and the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. In the present work, using the skin/muscle incision retraction (SMIR) model, the role of spinal TLR4/TNF-α pathway in the induction of CPSP was evaluated. ⋯ These findings suggest that the upregulation of TNF-α via TLR4 contributes to the development of CPSP in spinal dorsal horn.