Der Schmerz
-
How to prevent the onset, maintenance, or exacerbation of pain is a major focus of clinical pain science. Pain prevention can be distinctly organised into primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention. Primary prevention describes avoiding hurt or pain, secondary prevention describes reducing pain when pain is unavoidable, and tertiary prevention describes preventing or reducing ongoing negative consequences such as high functional disability or distress due to chronic pain. ⋯ In this short review article, we highlight psychological factors important to primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention and provide direction for the field. We present 2 case studies on secondary prevention in children and adolescents and tertiary prevention in adults with chronic pain. Finally, we provide research directions for progression in this field, highlighting the importance of clear theoretical direction, the identification of risk factors for those most likely to develop pain, and the importance of treatment.
-
Migraine is the most common neurological disorder and can be associated with a high degree of disability. In addition to non-pharmacological approaches to reduce migraine frequency, pharmacological migraine preventatives are available. ⋯ The aim of this review is to present a therapy consensus statement that integrates the current data situation and, where data are lacking, expert opinions. The resulting current recommendations on the duration of therapy for pharmacological migraine prophylaxis are shown here.
-
Expectations of patients influence the perception and neuronal processing of acute and chronic pain and modulate the effectiveness of analgesic treatment. The expectation of treatment is not only the most important determinant of placebo analgesia. ⋯ Such a strategy promises to optimize analgesic treatment and to prevent or reduce the burden of unwanted side effects and the misuse of analgesics, particularly of opioids. This review highlights the current concepts, recent achievements and also challenges and key open research questions.
-
Young adults find themselves in an unstable phase of life with relationship breaks, falling structures and great challenges in life. Chronic pain makes it difficult to cope with this stage of life due to functional, emotional and social limitations. For this age group there are hardly any target group-specific treatment programs. ⋯ Special living conditions and a respectful treatment attitude are of particular importance. A greater number of activation offers, a higher proportion of life counseling and perspective-creating aspects as well as psychotherapeutic offers are a necessity for an efficient therapy. Acceptance and commitment therapy techniques and the positive benefits of peer groups can expand the treatment approach for young adults. Young adults could benefit from a target group-specific and needs-adapted care structure.