Inhalation toxicology
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Smoke inhalation injury is the leading cause of acute respiratory failure in critical burn victims. Advances in the treatment of smoke inhalation injury have been limited in the past years. To further explore the pathogenesis, stable and practical animal models are necessary. ⋯ In conclusion, this rat smoke inhalation injury model induced by our novel self-made smoke generator could be used for acute and chronic lung injury experiments.
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Inhalation toxicology · Feb 2012
Swedish forensic data 1992-2009 suggest hydrogen cyanide as an important cause of death in fire victims.
Between 60 and 80% of all deaths related to fire are attributed to toxic fumes. Carbon monoxide (CO) is commonly thought to be the major cause. However, hydrogen cyanide (HCN) is also formed. ⋯ Over 31% had cyanide levels above 0.5 µg/g, an indication of significant HCN exposure. The percentages may be underestimates, as cyanide is quickly eliminated in blood also after death. Our results support the notion that HCN contributes more to the cause of death among fire victims than previously thought.
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Inhalation toxicology · Sep 2011
Inhaled whole exhaust and its effect on exercise performance and vascular function.
Internal combustion engines are a major source of particulate matter (PM) which has been shown to result in vasoconstriction, yet no present study to our knowledge has investigated the effect of exhaust emissions on both exercise performance and the vasculature. ⋯ Exercise performance declined in HPM conditions in part due to impaired vasodilation in the peripheral vasculature.
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Inhalation toxicology · Aug 2011
Comparative StudyComparison of mouse strains and exposure conditions in acute cigarette smoke inhalation studies.
Cigarette smoke exposures in mice have been conducted under various exposure conditions using different strains as animal models of smoke-related diseases. We exposed cigarette smoke to two strains of mice [C57BL/6J (C57) and AKR/J (AKR)] under two different exposure regimens (1 h or 4 h/day) at equivalent daily exposure amount (concentration × time). After 2 weeks exposure, mice were evaluated using exposure markers and biological responses. ⋯ Relative lung/body weight ratio in smoke-exposed C57 was generally higher, as well as the incidence and severity of lesions in respiratory organs compared to AKR. In summary, C57 appeared to inhale relatively more smoke and displayed greater inflammatory changes in respiratory tract than AKR. Comparison of exposure regimens suggests that a longer exposure duration at lower WTPM concentration might deliver a larger dose of smoke than a shorter exposure duration at higher WTPM concentration.
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Inhalation toxicology · Jun 2011
A comprehensive evaluation of the toxicology of cigarette ingredients: carbohydrates and natural products.
Eleven carbohydrates and natural product ingredients were added individually to experimental cigarettes. ⋯ The carbohydrates and natural products tested here as ingredients in experimental cigarettes as a class increased formaldehyde, but resulted in minimal toxicological responses, even at high inclusion levels compared with the levels used in commercial cigarette products.