Inhalation toxicology
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Inhalation toxicology · Jun 2011
A comprehensive evaluation of the toxicology of cigarette ingredients: cocoa-derived ingredients.
Cocoa-derived ingredients are used in cigarette tobacco. ⋯ Even at high inclusion levels there was a lack of toxicological response in these COC derived ingredients.
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Inhalation toxicology · Jun 2011
Flow cytometry of sputum: assessing inflammation and immune response elements in the bronchial airways.
The evaluation of sputum leukocytes by flow cytometry (FCM) is an opportunity to assess characteristics of cells residing in the central airways, yet it is hampered by certain inherent properties of sputum including mucus and large amounts of contaminating cells and debris. ⋯ This research describes detailed methods to overcome difficulties associated with FCM of sputum samples, which previously has been lacking in the literature. FCM of sputum samples can provide valuable information on inflammation and immunological response elements in the bronchial airways for both clinical diagnostic and research applications and can be a useful tool in inhalation toxicology for assessing health effects of inhaled environmental pollutants.
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Inhalation toxicology · Jun 2011
Insights from a multi-year program designed to test the impact of ingredients on mainstream cigarette smoke toxicity.
Cigarette tobacco ingredients may alter the distribution of chemical constituents present in smoke. When considering the toxicological relevance of potential ingredient-related effects on chemical and biological measurements assessing cigarette smoke toxicity, it is critical to understand the intrinsic variability of tobacco and cigarette smoke that is influenced by the environmental conditions during growing, agricultural practices during preparation, cigarette manufacturing tolerances, and stability of the assay methods. ⋯ The results of this evaluation add to a growing body of the literature regarding a weight of evidence assessment of cigarette ingredient toxicity. When assessed against the variability of assay methodology, natural agricultural change, and manufacturing control, the ingredients studied here demonstrated little relevant influence on the mainstream cigarette smoke toxicity endpoints measured.
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Inhalation toxicology · Jun 2011
A comprehensive evaluation of the toxicology of cigarette ingredients: essential oils and resins.
A total of 32 essential oils and resins were added individually to experimental cigarettes. ⋯ The essential oils and resins tested here as ingredients in experimental cigarettes show minimal toxicological sequelae, even at high inclusion levels. The highest inclusion level for SO showed some equivocal responses.
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Inhalation toxicology · Dec 2010
Association of size-resolved number concentrations of particulate matter with cardiovascular and respiratory hospital admissions and mortality in Prague, Czech Republic.
We analyzed the association of particle number and PM(2.5) concentrations with mortality and cardiorespiratory hospital admissions in Prague. Number concentrations of submicron particles in the range of 15-487 nm were measured continuously at a central site in 2006. The particle number concentrations were integrated into four groups with count median diameters of 31 (NC(31)), 128 (NC(128)), and 346 nm (NC(346)). ⋯ The association between the PM(2.5) and daily cardiovascular hospital admissions was significant at 2-day lag and for a 4-day average. Positive association with respiratory admissions was significant only for a 7-day average. No association was found between the studied air pollution variables and daily mortality.