European journal of internal medicine
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Eur. J. Intern. Med. · Jul 2012
ReviewThe role of lung ultrasound in the diagnosis and follow-up of community-acquired pneumonia.
CAP may be diagnosed and followed up by lung sonography (LUS), a technique that shows excellent sensitivity and specificity that is at least comparable with that of chest X-ray in two planes. LUS may be performed with any abdomen-sonography device. Therefore, LUS is a readily available diagnostic tool that does not involve radiation exposure and has wide applications especially in situations where X-ray is not available and/or not applicable. An X-ray or CT of the chest should be performed in cases of negative lung sonography and if other differential diagnoses or complications are suspected.
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Eur. J. Intern. Med. · Jul 2012
ReviewThe use of non-invasive ventilation during acute respiratory failure due to pneumonia.
The use of non-invasive ventilation in patients with community-acquired pneumonia is controversial since this is associated with high rates of treatment failure, compared with other causes of severe acute respiratory failure. The populations of patients with community-acquired pneumonia who have demonstrated better response to non-invasive ventilation are those with previous cardiac or respiratory disease, particularly chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. By contrast, the use of non-invasive ventilation in patients with community-acquired pneumonia without these pre-existing diseases should be very cautious and under strict monitoring conditions, since there are increasing evidences that the unnecessary delay in intubation of those patients who fail treatment with non-invasive ventilation is associated with lower survival. ⋯ Continuous positive airway pressure has been used to treat acute respiratory failure in several conditions characterised by alveolar collapse. While this is extremely useful in patients with acute cardiogenic pulmonary oedema, the efficacy in pneumonia seems limited to immunosuppressed patients with pulmonary complications. Conversely, there are no sufficient evidences on the efficacy of continuous positive airway pressure in immunocompetent patients with pneumonia and severe acute respiratory failure.
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Eur. J. Intern. Med. · Jul 2012
Review Meta AnalysisVitamin D and gestational diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Conflicting results currently exists on the association between vitamin D and glucose metabolism. The role of maternal vitamin D status in gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is not clear. This meta-analysis aimed to examine this role in women with GDM compared with normal glucose tolerance (NGT). ⋯ This meta-analysis indicates a significant inverse relation of serum 25OHD and the incidence of GDM. However, it remains unclear whether this association is causal due to the observational study design of the studies. Clinical trials are needed to examine whether vitamin D supplementation will improve glycemic control in women with GDM.
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Eur. J. Intern. Med. · Jul 2012
Review Meta AnalysisVitamin D and gestational diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Conflicting results currently exists on the association between vitamin D and glucose metabolism. The role of maternal vitamin D status in gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is not clear. This meta-analysis aimed to examine this role in women with GDM compared with normal glucose tolerance (NGT). ⋯ This meta-analysis indicates a significant inverse relation of serum 25OHD and the incidence of GDM. However, it remains unclear whether this association is causal due to the observational study design of the studies. Clinical trials are needed to examine whether vitamin D supplementation will improve glycemic control in women with GDM.
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Eur. J. Intern. Med. · Jul 2012
ReviewSevere sepsis in community-acquired pneumonia--early recognition and treatment.
Despite remarkable advances in its management, community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) remains an important cause of morbidity and mortality leading to significant consumption of health, social and economic resources. The assessment of CAP severity is a cornerstone in its management, facilitating selection of the most appropriate site of care and empirical antibiotic therapy. Several clinical scoring systems based on 30-day mortality have been developed to identify those patients with the highest risk of death. ⋯ In addition, the addition of a macrolide to standard empirical therapy seems to improve outcome in severe CAP although the mechanism of this is unclear. Finally, the role of adjuvant therapy has not yet been satisfactorily established. In this review we will present our opinion on current best practice in the assessment of severity and treatment of severe CAP.