Journal of neuroimaging : official journal of the American Society of Neuroimaging
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Observational Study
Optic nerve sheath diameter in intracranial hypertension: Measurement external or internal of the dura mater?
Optic nerve sheath diameter (ONSD) is a promising metric to estimate intracranial pressure (ICP). There is no consensus whether ONSD should be measured external (ONSDext) or internal (ONSDint) of the dura mater. Expert opinion favors ONSDint, though without clear evidence to support this. Adjustments of ONSD for eye diameter (ED) and optic nerve diameter (OND) have been suggested to improve precision. We examined the diagnostic accuracy of ONSDext and ONSDint for estimating ICP, unadjusted as well as adjusted for ED and OND. ⋯ ONSDext and ONSDint differ significantly and are not interchangeable. However, there were no significant differences in diagnostic accuracy between ONSDext and ONSDint. Adjustment for ED may improve diagnostic accuracy of ONSD.
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Autoimmune encephalitis is a category of autoantibody-mediated neurological disorders that often presents a diagnostic challenge due to its variable clinical and imaging findings. The purpose of this image-based review is to provide an overview of the major subtypes of autoimmune encephalitis and their associated autoantibodies, discuss their characteristic clinical and imaging features, and highlight several disease processes that may mimic imaging findings of autoimmune encephalitis. A literature search on autoimmune encephalitis was performed and publications from neuroradiology, neurology, and nuclear medicine literature were included. Cases from our institutional database that best exemplify major imaging features were presented.
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Möbius sequence (MBS) previously known as Möbius syndrome is a rare nonprogressive developmental defect of the rhombencephalon leading to congenital abducens (VIth) and facial (VIIth) nerve palsy. Echoencephalography is the first, safe, noninvasive, and cost-effective imaging modality available at bedside. No study on the use of echoencephalography in neonates for the diagnosis of MBS has been previously reported. ⋯ Knowledge of echoencephalographic features of MBS should improve its early recognition. A detailed description of the various imaging phenotypes of MBS is necessary to characterize the etiology of this heterogeneous congenital cranial dysinnervation disorder.
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Topographic patterns of brain injury in neonates can help with differentiation and prognostic categorization of hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy (HIE). In this study, we quantitatively and objectively characterized the location of hypoxic ischemic lesions in term neonates with varying severity of HIE. ⋯ In term neonates, mild/moderate HIE is associated with infarctions of arterial territory watershed zones, whereas severe HIE distinctively involves basal ganglia, thalami, and hippocampi.
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Observational Study
Gadolinium-based contrast agent exposures and physical and cognitive disability in multiple sclerosis.
The clinical correlation of gadolinium-based contrast agents (GBCAs) has not been well studied in multiple sclerosis (MS). We investigated the extent to which the number of GBCA administrations relates to self-reported disability and performance measures. ⋯ No detrimental effects were observed between GBCA exposure and self-reported disability and standardized objective measures of physical and cognitive performance. While several weak associations were found, they indicated benefit on these measures.