Neuroimaging clinics of North America
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Neuroimaging Clin. N. Am. · Feb 2020
ReviewImplementing MR Imaging into Clinical Routine Screening in Patients with Psychosis?
MR imaging is a suitable instrument for the detection of incidental radiological findings in patients with early psychosis and guidance of subsequent treatment adjustments. We outline evidence showing the clinical utility of MR imaging to guide treatment selection by identifying radiological abnormalities and predicting clinical outcomes in early-stage psychosis. We argue that MR imaging is an indispensable screening tool to detect gross radiological abnormalities in early psychosis and implementation in routine clinical assessments is warranted. We highlight future key challenges and make pragmatic suggestions to exploit the potential of MR imaging to construct robust prognostic models for personalized early interventions.
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Neuroimaging Clin. N. Am. · Feb 2020
ReviewPsychoradiological Biomarkers for Psychopharmaceutical Effects.
The application of personalized medicine to psychiatry is challenging. Psychoradiology could provide biomarkers based on objective tests in support of the diagnostic classifications and treatment planning. ⋯ Although none of the biomarkers reviewed are yet of sufficient clinical utility to inform the selection of a specific pharmacologic compound for an individual patient, there is strong consensus that advanced multimodal approaches will contribute to discovery of novel treatment predictors in psychiatric disorders. Progress has been sufficient to warrant enthusiasm, in which application of neuroimaging-based biomarkers would represent a paradigm shift and modernization of psychiatric practice.
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Neuroimaging Clin. N. Am. · Feb 2020
ReviewResting-State Functional Connectivity: Signal Origins and Analytic Methods.
Resting state functional connectivity (RSFC) has been widely studied in functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and is observed by a significant temporal correlation of spontaneous low-frequency signal fluctuations (SLFs) both within and across hemispheres during rest. Different hypotheses of RSFC include the biophysical origin hypothesis and cognitive origin hypothesis, which show that the role of SLFs and RSFC is still not completely understood. ⋯ RSFC data analysis methods include time domain analysis, seed-based correlation, regional homogeneity, and principal and independent component analyses. Despite advances in RSFC, the authors also discuss challenges and limitations, ranging from head motion to methodological limitations.
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In neuroimaging research, averaging data at the level of the group results in blurring of potentially meaningful individual differences. A more widespread use of an individual-specific approach is advocated for, which involves a more thorough investigation of each individual in a group, and characterization of idiosyncrasies at the level of behavior, cognition, and symptoms, as well as at the level of brain organization. It is hoped that such an approach, focused on individuals, will provide convergent findings that will help identify the underlying pathologic condition in various psychiatric disorders and help in the development of treatments individualized for each patient.