Neuroimaging clinics of North America
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Vasculitis is characterized by the inflammation of blood vessels. Vasculitides refers to the different forms of vasculitis, often classified according to the size of the blood vessel that is involved. Vasculitis may occur as a primary process or secondary to many systemic diseases. This topic provides an overview of the clinical features, diagnosis, and classification of the different forms of vasculitides.
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Neuroimaging Clin. N. Am. · Feb 2024
ReviewTreatment of Primary Angiitis of the Central Nervous System.
Primary central nervous system vasculitis (PCNSV) is a vasculitis limited to the brain and spinal cord. Induction therapy often consists of steroids and cyclophosphamide. ⋯ Medications such as rituximab and mycophenolate mofetil may be good alternatives in those who do not respond to initial treatment or who have relapse of disease. Mortality rates of 8% to 9% are reported in the literature.
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Stroke is a complication of many central nervous system (CNS) infections, but only a few present with stroke without other symptoms or signs of CNS infection. Chief among these are varicella zoster virus (VZV) and syphilis. Delayed cerebral vasculopathy after successful treatment of bacterial meningitis, most commonly pneumococcal, is an emerging entity with uncertain pathogenesis.
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In this article, we will discuss the essential MR imaging protocol required for the assessment of ocular abnormalities including malignancies. Then we will describe relevant anatomy, ocular embryogenesis, and genetics to establish a profound understanding of pathophysiology of the congenital ocular malformations. Finally, we will discuss pediatric ocular malignancies, benign mimics, and the most common congenital ocular malformations with case examples and illustrations and give tips on how to distinguish these entities on neuroimaging.
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In this article, we will describe relevant anatomy and imaging findings of extraocular and orbital rim pathologic conditions. We will highlight important clinical and imaging pearls that help in differentiating these lesions from one another, and provide a few practical tips for challenging cases.