Neuroimaging clinics of North America
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Neuroimaging Clin. N. Am. · Aug 2017
ReviewDual-Energy Computed Tomography: Physical Principles, Approaches to Scanning, Usage, and Implementation: Part 1.
There are increasing applications of dual-energy computed tomography (CT), a type of spectral CT, in neuroradiology and head and neck imaging. In this 2-part review, the fundamental principles underlying spectral CT scanning and the major considerations in implementing this type of scanning in clinical practice are reviewed. In the first part of this 2-part review, the physical principles underlying spectral CT scanning are reviewed, followed by an overview of the different approaches for spectral CT scanning, including a discussion of the strengths and challenges encountered with each approach.
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Neuroimaging Clin. N. Am. · Aug 2017
ReviewDual-Energy Computed Tomography Applications for the Evaluation of Cervical Lymphadenopathy.
There is recent interest in the use of dual-energy computed tomography (CT) in head and neck imaging, and the results are encouraging. This article reviews dual-energy CT applications as complementary tools to conventional CT scanning in the evaluation of cervical lymphadenopathy. ⋯ Single-source and dual-source dual-energy applications including virtual noncontrast images, linear and nonlinear image blending, monochromatic images, iodine quantification, and spectral Hounsfield unit attenuation curve analysis are reviewed. Future directions and research suggestions are discussed in brief.
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Neuroimaging Clin. N. Am. · May 2017
ReviewInsights from Ultrahigh Field Imaging in Multiple Sclerosis.
Ultrahigh-field (≥7 T) magnetic resonance (MR) imaging is being used at many leading academic medical centers to study neurologic disorders. The improved spatial resolution and anatomic detail are due to the increase in signal-to-noise and contrast-to-noise ratio at higher magnetic field strengths. Ultrahigh-field MR imaging improves multiple sclerosis (MS) lesion detection, with particular sensitivity to detect cortical lesions. The increase in magnetic susceptibility effects inherent to ultrahigh field can be used to detect pathologic features of MS lesions, including a central vein, potentially useful for diagnostic considerations, and heterogeneity among MS lesions, potentially useful in determining lesion outcomes.
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Neuromyelitis optica (NMO) is clinically characterized by severe optic neuritis and transverse myelitis, but recent studies with anti-aquaporin-4-antibody specific to NMO have revealed that the clinical spectrum is wider than previously thought. International consensus diagnostic criteria propose NMO spectrum disorders (NMOSD) as the term to define the entire spectrum including typical NMO, optic neuritis, acute myelitis, brain syndrome, and their combinations. ⋯ MR imaging and optical coherence tomography are indispensable in the diagnosis and evaluation of NMOSD. This article reviews the clinical and MR imaging findings of anti-aquaporin-4-antibody-seropositive and anti-myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein-antibody-seropositive NMOSD.
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Neuroimaging Clin. N. Am. · May 2017
ReviewBrain Atrophy in Multiple Sclerosis: Clinical Relevance and Technical Aspects.
There is evidence of a neurodegenerative process running in parallel with or as a consequence of the inflammatory phenomenon in multiple sclerosis (MS). MR imaging has been central in the generation of such knowledge and has played a pivotal role in investigating the neurodegenerative process. However, there is insufficient evidence supporting MR imaging-measured brain atrophy as a biomarker of the neurodegenerative component of MS in the daily care of patients with MS. This article discusses the prognostic value of brain volume measurements and their potential role in monitoring treatment response in patients with MS.