European spine journal : official publication of the European Spine Society, the European Spinal Deformity Society, and the European Section of the Cervical Spine Research Society
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In recent years, there has been much debate on the treatment of whiplash-associated disorders (WAD). It is not clear if the treatments commonly employed are effective, and concerns have been raised on the available scientific evidence of many of these treatments. The aim of this study was to review the literature systematically to analyze the evidence basis of many commonly used treatments for patients suffering from WAD, both in the acute and the chronic state. ⋯ Based on the degrees of evidence and the practical obstacles, the following treatments can be recommended: Early physical activity in acute WAD, radiofrequency neurotomy, combination of cognitive behavioral therapy with physical therapy interventions, and coordination exercise therapy in chronic WAD. High-quality RCTs are not common in the field of WAD. More research is needed, particularly on the treatment of chronic WAD.
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Purely extradural cavernous hemangiomas of the spinal canal are extremely rare. Their occurrence at the lumbosacral level is a true exception. ⋯ Cavernous hemangioma should be considered in the differential diagnosis of an enhancing extradural periradicular mass causing chronic lumbar radiculopathy especially in fertile women. Lumbar extradural hemangiomas appear and behave differently, not only from intramedullary cavernous hemangiomas but also from extradural hemangiomas of other spinal locations.