Addiction
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Review Meta Analysis
Behavioral economic tobacco demand in relation to cigarette consumption and nicotine dependence: a meta-analysis of cross-sectional relationships.
A cigarette purchase task (CPT) aims to characterize individual variation in the reinforcing value of tobacco. This meta-analysis estimated the associations between cigarette demand, tobacco consumption and nicotine dependence using this task. ⋯ All five demand indices derived from the cigarette purchase task by (CPT) were robustly associated with cigarette consumption and tobacco dependence. Of the demand indices, maximum expenditure, intensity and elasticity exhibited the largest magnitude associations.
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The expense associated with using non-combustible nicotine products as an alternative to smoking may deter smoking reduction or cessation. This study aimed to estimate (i) how much adults in England spend each week on smoking and alternative nicotine products and (ii) the potential cost saving that could be achieved by switching from smoking to using an alternative nicotine delivery product. ⋯ In England, expenditure among e-cigarette and nicotine replacement therapy users is approximately one-third of the expenditure of smokers. The average smoker may save an estimated £15.06 per week by switching completely to e-cigarettes or £13.04 per week by switching to nicotine replacement therapy, although this is likely to differ according to individual usage patterns.
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Opioid use disorder (OUD) remains a serious public health issue, and treating adults with OUD is a major priority in the United States. Little is known about trends in the diagnosis of OUD and in buprenorphine prescribing by physicians in office-based medical practices. We sought to characterize OUD diagnoses and buprenorphine prescribing among adults with OUD in the United States between 2006 and 2015. ⋯ In office-based medical practices in the United States, diagnoses for opioid use disorder and buprenorphine prescriptions for adults with opioid use disorder increased from 0.14 and 56.1%, respectively, in 2006-10 to 0.38 and 73.6% in 2011-15.
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Comparative Study
The impact of vaping and regulatory environment on cigarette demand: behavioral economic perspective across four countries.
Government regulations of nicotine vaping products (NVP) have evolved rapidly during the past decade. The impact of NVP regulatory environment and vaping on cigarette demand is unknown. The current study aims to investigate whether or not respondents' reported cigarette demand, as measured by a hypothetical cigarette purchase task, varies with (1) smoking status, (2) vaping status or (3) NVP regulatory environment (country used as proxy). ⋯ In a hypothetical purchase task, non-daily smokers showed lower price elasticity if they used e-cigarettes than if they did not, while there was no clear difference in elasticity between e-cigarette users and non-users among daily smokers or according to regulatory environment of their country with regard to e-cigarettes.
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The presence and content of health warning labels (HWLs) on nicotine vaping products (NVPs), such as electronic cigarettes, varies by country and manufacturer. We compared proportions of people who report (i) noticing HWLs on NVPs and (ii) feeling concerned having noticed HWLs, by country and by smoking or vaping status. We also examined recall of HWL content and whether this varies by country. ⋯ Respondents in England, where health warning labels on nicotine vaping products are mandatory, were not significantly more likely to report having noticed such warnings than those in Australia, Canada and the United States where warnings are not mandatory.