Klinická onkologie : casopis Ceské a Slovenské onkologické spolecnosti
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Breakthrough cancer pain has been defined as a transitory increase in pain intensity that occurs despite relatively stable and adequately controlled background pain. More than half of cancer patients with chronic pain suffer by some form of breakthrough cancer pain. ⋯ The principal treatment strategies are optimization of regular analgesic medication combined with effective rescues medication. The new transmucosal forms of fentanyl represent an important improvement in our treatment options.
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In comparison to malignant tumors of vulva, vagina, cervix and uterine corpus, clear morphologic and molecular genetic features of precursor lesions of ovarian carcinoma have not been defined yet. We can see an effort to describe preinvasive lesions to allow dia-gnostics and treatment prior to development of invasive ovarian cancer. This tendency is magnified by the fact that ovarian carcinomas have the highest mortality from all gynecological malignancies. ⋯ Low grade ovarian serous carcinoma, low grade endometrioid, clear cell, mucinous ovarian cancers and Brenner tumors of ovary are categorized as type I ovarian tumors. Highgrade serous carcinoma, undifferentiated carcinomas and malignant mixed mesodermal tumors of the ovary (MMMTs) belong to type II tumors. A potential precursor lesion of highgrade serous ovarian cancer has been defined - serous tubal intraepithelial carcinoma.