Seminars in respiratory and critical care medicine
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Semin Respir Crit Care Med · Oct 2014
Review Comparative StudyHome sleep testing for the diagnosis of obstructive sleep apnea-indications and limitations.
The increasing prevalence and recognition of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) coupled with an awareness of its detrimental health consequences has resulted in the need for timely and cost efficient access to diagnostic sleep testing and treatment. As a result, increased emphasis is being placed on simplified ambulatory models for the diagnosis and treatment of OSA using home sleep testing (HST). An ambulatory sleep program requires the combination of clinical assessment for identifying patients at high risk for OSA, HST for the diagnosis of OSA, and home auto-titrating positive airway pressure units for treatment. Randomized control trials evaluating the efficacy of this ambulatory approach to diagnose and treat OSA in high-risk patients without significant medical comorbidities reveal the potential for equivalent patient outcomes when compared with the use of polysomnography and in-laboratory continuous positive airway pressure titration.
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Semin Respir Crit Care Med · Oct 2014
ReviewAuto-adjusting and Advanced Positive Airway Pressure Therapeutic Modalities.
Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) therapy is the first-line treatment for obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). Although the gold standard for the treatment of OSA, CPAP may not be the optimal modality to treat more complex sleep disordered breathing such as Cheyne-Stokes respirations, opioid-induced central apnea, and complex sleep disordered breathing related to chronic hypoventilation syndromes (obesity-hypoventilation syndrome, restrictive thoracic disease due to neuromuscular or thoracic cage disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease). ⋯ Advanced positive airway pressure modalities have been developed in an effort to improve treatment of the more complex sleep disordered breathing syndromes including automated servo ventilation and volume-targeted pressure-limited ventilation. This article is intended to provide the clinician reader with a description of newer PAP modalities, a review of evidence-supported indications for use, as well as to provide a framework for managing patients with advanced positive airway pressure therapy.
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Semin Respir Crit Care Med · Oct 2014
ReviewEnhancing adherence to positive airway pressure therapy for sleep disordered breathing.
Sleep disordered breathing is made up of a group of conditions that include obstructive sleep apnea, central sleep apnea, complex sleep apnea, and sleep-related hypoventilation. Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) is the first-line therapy for obstructive sleep apnea. The other forms of sleep disordered breathing require different types of positive airway pressure (PAP). ⋯ Addressing side effects such as nasal symptoms and equipment usability issues is also beneficial. Compliance can be monitored by the data download cards present in PAP machines, but clinicians must be aware of the limitations of the data obtained. The challenges of improving adherence occur along with the increasing need to demonstrate to payers a patient's adherence to and benefit from PAP therapy.
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Semin Respir Crit Care Med · Oct 2014
ReviewDiagnosis and management of obstructive sleep apnea in the perioperative setting.
Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a chronic prevalent condition which may be under-recognized in surgical populations. Patients with OSA may be at increased perioperative risk, in part due to the effects sedatives and anesthetics have on upper airway tone and respiratory drive. ⋯ Several screening tools have been developed to identify patients at risk for OSA preoperatively, but it remains to be seen whether routine implementation of these tools improves outcomes. In this review, we discuss the perioperative complications of OSA, the tools with which physicians can screen surgical patients, and the perioperative management of these patients.
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Semin Respir Crit Care Med · Oct 2014
ReviewObstructive sleep apnea: role of intermittent hypoxia and inflammation.
Obstructive sleep apnea results in intermittent hypoxia via repetitive upper airway obstruction leading to partial or complete upper airway closure, apneas and hypopneas, respectively. Intermittent hypoxia leads to sympathetic nervous system activation and oxidative stress with a resultant systemic inflammatory cascade. The putative mechanism by which obstructive sleep apnea has been linked to numerous pathologic conditions including stoke, cardiovascular disease, hypertension, and metabolic derangements is through these systemic effects. Treatment of obstructive sleep apnea appears to reduce systemic markers of inflammation and ameliorates the adverse sequelae of this disease.