Journal of clinical neuroscience : official journal of the Neurosurgical Society of Australasia
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Review Case Reports
Malignant potential of pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma.
Pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma (PXA) is a low-grade astrocytic tumour that occasionally progresses to a higher grade. We have extensively reviewed the literature on the potential for malignant transformation of PXA. An illustrative case of a PXA transforming to glioblastoma multiforme is presented.
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Concussion is a sudden-onset, transient alteration of consciousness due to a combination of functional and structural brain disturbances following a physical impact transmitted to the brain. It is a common, although likely underreported, condition encountered in a wide range of sports. In the Australian Football League, concussion is estimated to occur at a rate of approximately seven injuries per team per season. ⋯ The current paper reviews the sports concussion literature. The definition, epidemiology, aetiology, pathophysiology, structural pathology, clinical features, assessment and investigation, treatment principles, and short-term and potential long-term complications of concussion are discussed. Special considerations in paediatric sports concussion, and the return-to-play implications of immediate, evolving and repetitive brain injury are also considered, as are the emerging concept and possible implications of subconcussive injury.