Current opinion in critical care
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Numerous micronutrients are involved in antioxidant and immune defence, while their blood concentrations are frequently low in critically ill patients: this has fuelled many supplementation trials. Numerous observational, randomized studies have been published, which are presented herein. ⋯ The needs in critical illness are higher than those of healthy individuals and must be covered to support immunity. Monitoring selected micronutrients is justified in patients requiring more prolonged ICU therapy. Actual results point towards combinations of essential micronutrients at doses below upper tolerable levels. Finally, the time of high-dose micronutrient monotherapy is probably over.
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Curr Opin Crit Care · Aug 2023
ReviewIs there a role for ketones as alternative fuel in critical illness?
The evidence base advocating ketones as an alternative substrate for critically ill patients is expanding. We discuss the rationale for investigating alternatives to the traditional metabolic substrates (glucose, fatty acids and amino acids), consider evidence relating to ketone-based nutrition in a variety of contexts, and suggest the necessary future steps. ⋯ Whilst ketones provide an attractive nutritional option, further research is required to determine whether the proposed benefits are translatable to critically unwell patients.
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Curr Opin Crit Care · Aug 2023
Review Meta AnalysisLipid emulsions in parenteral nutrition: does it matter?
Recently, clinicians have shown interest in switching patients to nonsoybean-based intravenous lipid emulsion (ILE) formulas for parental nutrition (PN) due to adverse outcomes related to high Omega-6 content in soybean oil (SO) ILE's. This review summarizes recent literature on improved clinical outcomes with new Omega-6 lipid-sparing ILE's in PN management. ⋯ More research is needed to directly compare omega-6-sparing PN formulas with FO and/or OO versus traditional SO ILE's. However, current evidence is promising for improved outcomes using newer ILE's including reduced infections, shorter lengths of stay, and reduced costs.
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To better understand the established associations between hypocalcaemia and clinical outcomes, we synopsize the mechanisms involved in hypocalcaemia in the critically ill. We also provide an overview of the current evidence on managing hypocalcaemia in critical illness. ⋯ Hypocalcaemia is common in critically ill patients. Direct evidence that calcium supplementation improves their outcomes is lacking, and there is even some indication that it may be detrimental. Prospective studies are required to elucidate the risks and benefits, and the pathophysiological mechanisms involved.