European journal of vascular and endovascular surgery : the official journal of the European Society for Vascular Surgery
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Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg · Jun 2017
ReviewNutcracker Syndrome: An Update on Current Diagnostic Criteria and Management Guidelines.
Nutcracker syndrome (NCS) describes left renal vein compression between the superior mesenteric artery and the aorta. Although uncommon, it is an important diagnosis due to the important morbidity associated with it, including the risk of chronic kidney disease from long-term left renal vein (LRV) hypertension and the risk of LRV thrombosis. ⋯ Despite the rarity of NCS, its recognition and management are important. This article has explored the evidence basis for conservative, medical and surgical options.