Annals of surgery
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To compare the learning curves of the self-taught "pioneers" of laparoscopic liver surgery (LLS) with those of the trained "early adopters" in terms of short- and medium-term patient outcomes to establish if the learning curve can be reduced with specific training. ⋯ With specific training, "early adapting" laparoscopic liver surgeons are able to overcome the learning curve for minor and major liver resections faster than the "pioneers" who were self-taught in LLS. The findings of this study are applicable to all surgical specialties and highlight the importance of specific training in the safe expansion of novel surgical practice.
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To celebrate the increasing representation of women as leaders in American surgery and provide suggestions for increasing diversity in leadership. ⋯ Great progress has been made in the advancement of women into leadership positions in surgery. To continue this trend and increase the number of under-represented minority women in surgery will require attention to recruitment, mentorship, and sponsorship.