Journal of evaluation in clinical practice
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Audit and feedback is an evidence-based implementation strategy, but studies reporting the use of theory to guide design elements are limited. ⋯ We conclude that a multistage development process including theory exploration and mapping, contributed to the design and delivery of the audit and feedback. Aligned with the MRC framework, the IMP2 ART strategy (incorporating the audit and feedback) is now being tested in a UK-wide cluster randomised controlled trial.
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The purpose of this paper is to investigate how to interpret the outcome of a test-negative design study. We does so by systematically reviewing the properties of the design in relation to its potential applications. We first argue that the application of the design does not depend on certain assumptions (as is sometimes articulated in the literature), which may open new opportunities for using the design. ⋯ The design cannot be used for studying the mortality effects of vaccines and is problematic for studies into the effect on hospitalization. The vaccine's effectiveness on the transmission of viruses is also potentially problematic, depending very much on the characteristics of the tests. The implication of our findings is that the test-negative designs can, at best, be seen as an indication of effectiveness in highly idealized situations that are often far away from reality.