World Neurosurg
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The rectus capitis lateralis (RCL) is a small cervical muscle that arises from the transverse process of C1 and is intimately related to the jugular process and jugular foramen. We describe its morphology, neurovascular relationships, and its utility as one of the key surgical landmarks in approaches to the jugular foramen. ⋯ The RCL usually is preserved unless jugular process needs to be removed to expose the jugular foramen. The RCL is an important surgical landmark for the early identification of the vertebral artery, internal jugular vein, facial nerve, and CNs IX-XII in approaches to the jugular foramen.
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Variable Moyamoya disease (MMD) genotypes and phenotypes between different races have been suggested previously. This study investigates differences in surgical complications and response to revascularization among Asian patients with MMD compared with other ethnicities in North America. ⋯ Asian patients with MMD may be more susceptible to surgical complications and may differ from other races in their response to revascularization. Further long-term prospective studies are needed to investigate these findings.
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Although a number of studies have implicated ischemia and hypoxia in the pathogenesis of cervical spondylosis, quantification remains difficult and the role of ischemia and hypoxia on disease progression and disease severity in human cervical spondylosis remains largely unknown. Therefore, the objective of this study was to assess spinal cord perfusion and oxygenation in human cervical spondylosis and examine the relationship between perfusion, degree of spinal cord compression, and neurological status. ⋯ Results support the hypothesis that spinal cord compression results in ischemia and hypoxia, and the degree of ischemia and hypoxia is proportional to the degree of neurological impairment.
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The current standard treatment of malignant glioma is maximal resection followed by chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Temozolomide (TMZ) has been the first-line chemotherapeutic agent used, although to achieve a satisfactory clinical effect. TMZ chemoresistance could result from glioblastoma stem cells, which are critical for tumor initiation, recurrence, and therapeutic resistance and are potential targets. Moreover, signals mediated by the dopamine D2 receptor (DRD2) can positively regulate proliferation and tumorigenesis of glioma cells. ⋯ We have provided evidence showing the synergistic effects of TMZ and DDRAs on suppressing glioma cell growth. Our study has provided novel insights on enhancing the effectiveness of chemotherapy against malignant glioma and eventually improving the clinical outcomes of patients with glioblastoma multiforme.
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Rathke's cleft cysts (RCCs) may have various anatomic, clinical, and radiologic characteristics, which may be related to their differences in texture or consistency. The purpose of the study was to investigate RCCs based on consistency. ⋯ The proposed novel consistency classification of RCCs will provide a practical tool for more accurately estimating the nature of the pathology, because each type has its own specific characteristics. Furthermore, the new classification of RCCs may aid in planning a consistency-specific surgery.