World Neurosurg
-
Review Historical Article
The Evolution of 3D-Anatomical Models: A Brief Historical Overview.
For thousands of years, anatomical models have served as essential tools in medical instruction. While human dissections have been the regular source of information for medical students for the last few centuries, the scarcity of bodies and the religious and social taboos of previous times made the process of acquiring human cadavers a challenge. The dissection process was dependent on the availability of fresh cadavers and thus was met with a major time constraint; with poor preservation techniques, decomposition turned the process of employing bodies for instruction into a race against time. ⋯ Artists worked with physicians and anatomists to prepare these models, creating an interdisciplinary interaction that advanced anatomical instruction at a tremendous rate. These models have taken the form of metal, wood, ivory, wax, papier-mâché, plaster, and plastic and have ultimately evolved into computerized and digital representations currently. We provide a brief historical overview of the evolution of anatomical models from a unique neuroanatomical perspective.
-
The veins and dural venous sinuses of the skull base are important to understand in terms of imaging findings, diagnoses, and surgery. However, to date and to the best of our knowledge, the transosseous veins of the petrous part of the temporal bone have not been studied. ⋯ To the best of our knowledge, previous studies have not reported on transosseous veins of the temporal bone or described their anatomy of connecting the veins of the middle and posterior cranial fossae.
-
Multicenter Study
Technical Success and Early Efficacy in 851 Patients with Saccular Intracranial Aneurysms: A subset analysis of SMART, a prospective multicenter registry.
The Prospective, Multicenter Registry Assessing the Embolization of Neurovascular Lesions Using the Penumbra SMART COIL® System (SMART) is the largest prospective, multicenter, postmarket registry established to gather real-world experience on Penumbra (Alameda, USA) SMART COIL System, PC400, and POD embolization coils. The goal of this study is to report the technical success and efficacy of SMART COIL System coils in treating saccular intracranial aneurysms. ⋯ SMART COIL System coils achieved good technical success and adequate occlusion in treating saccular intracranial aneurysms in a real-world setting.
-
Review
Animal Models of Metastatic Lesions to the Spine: a Focus on Epidural Spinal Cord Compression.
Epidural spinal cord compression (ESCC) secondary to spine metastases is one of the most devastating sequelae of primary cancer as it may lead to muscle weakness, paresthesia, pain, and paralysis. Spine metastases occur through a multistep process that can result in eventual ESCC; however, the lack of a preclinical model to effectively recapitulate each step of this metastatic cascade and the symptom burden of ESCC has limited our understanding of this disease process. In this review, we discuss animal models that best recapitulate ESCC. ⋯ Orthotopic models offer the most authentic recapitulation of metastasis development; however, they rarely result in symptomatic ESCC and are challenging to replicate. Conversely, models that involve injection of tumor cells directly into the bloodstream or bone better mimic the symptoms of ESCC; however, they provide limited insight into the epithelial to mesenchymal transition and natural hematogenous spread of tumor cells. Therefore, until an ideal model is created, it is critical to select an animal model that is specifically designed to answer the scientific question of interest.
-
Collateral circulation is associated with improved functional outcome in patients with large vessel occlusion acute ischemic stroke (AIS) who undergo reperfusion therapy. Assessment of collateral flow can be time consuming, subjective, and difficult because of complex neurovasculature. This study assessed the ability of multiple artificial intelligence algorithms in determining collateral flow of patients with AIS. ⋯ This study reports one of the first artificial intelligence-based algorithms capable of accurately and efficiently assessing collateral flow of patients with AIS. This automated method for determining collateral filling could streamline clinical workflow, reduce bias, and aid in clinical decision making for determining reperfusion-eligible patients.