Int J Clin Pharm Th
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Int J Clin Pharm Th · Dec 1997
Randomized Controlled Trial Comparative Study Clinical TrialEffects of different combinations of H2 receptor antagonist with gastrokinetic drugs on gastric fluid pH and volume in children--a comparative study.
In a prospective double-blind randomized study, 100 American Society of Anesthesiologists classification I (ASAI) children (aged 2-8 years) were allocated randomly to receive 1 of the 5 different oral premedicant combination, 2 hours before surgery. Group I (control) received placebo premedication, group II (RM) received ranitidine 2 mg/kg-1 with metoclopramide 0.2 mg/kg-1, group III (RD) received ranitidine 2 mg/kg-1 with domperidone 0.3 mg/kg-1, group IV (FM) received famotidine 0.5 mg/kg-1 with metoclopramide 0.2 mg/kg-1, and group V (FD) received famotidine 0.5 mg/kg-1 with domperidone 0.3 mg/kg-1. After tracheal intubation, gastric fluid was aspirated and analyzed for pH and total fluid volume. ⋯ Mean gastric volume was significantly lower in RM, RD, FM, and FD groups (< 0.24 ml/kg-1) as compared to control group (0.5 ml/kg-1) (p < 0.01). Famotidine was found to be more effective in increasing gastric pH (p < 0.01) and decreasing volume (p < 0.05) as compared to ranitidine. No difference was found between metoclopramide and domperidone in increasing gastric pH and reducing gastric volume.
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Int J Clin Pharm Th · May 1997
Randomized Controlled Trial Comparative Study Clinical TrialComparative study of oral clonidine and diazepam as premedicants in children.
In a prospective, double-blind, controlled study the efficacy of clonidine was assessed in children, with respect to sedation, intubation response, and recovery. Fifty children, aged 4-12 years, undergoing general anesthesia were studied. Twenty-five children (group I) received oral diazepam) 0.2 mg/kg and another 25 children (group II) received oral clonidine 3 micrograms/kg, 90-120 minutes before induction of anesthesia. ⋯ The recovery with clonidine was not delayed (p < 0.01). Clinically significant hypotension and bradycardia were not observed in any of the patients. We conclude that clonidine 3 micrograms/kg produces sedation comparable to diazepam 0.2 mg/kg and also attenuates the intubation response without increasing the incidence of complications.
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Int J Clin Pharm Th · Apr 1997
Randomized Controlled Trial Clinical TrialPharmacokinetics of ketorolac in children after abdominal surgery.
The pharmacokinetics of 2 doses of intravenous ketorolac (0.5 and 0.9 mg x kg-1) were studied in 14 children (age 2-8 years). A single dose of the drug was injected into the dorsum vein of one hand. Blood samples were collected at regular time intervals for 6 hours. ⋯ The distribution volume (Vdarea), the total clearance (Cltotal), and elimination half-life (t1/2 beta) were similar in both groups of children who either received 0.5 or 0.9 mg x kg-1 of ketorolac. The estimated geometric mean Vdarea, Cltotal, and t1/2 beta ratios (95% CI in parentheses) for 0.9 mg x kg-1:0.5 mg x kg-1 were 1.24 (0.82, 1.50), 1.14 (0.88, 1.23), and 1.083 (0.40, 1.81), respectively. The pharmacokinetic parameters found in this study are different from those found by other authors in adult subjects.
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Int J Clin Pharm Th · Jul 1996
Randomized Controlled Trial Clinical TrialEffect of epidural buprenorphine and clonidine on vesical functions in women.
Buprenorphine (4 micrograms/kg body weight) and clonidine (3 micrograms/kg body weight) were administered epidurally to investigate their effect on vesical function in 20 American Society of Anaesthesiologists Classification I (ASA I) adult females. Cystometry was performed before and 30 minutes following epidural administration of drugs. ⋯ Epidural administration of clonidine did not produce any significant change in the above urodynamic parameters. None of the patients in both groups developed retention of urine.
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Int J Clin Pharm Th · Feb 1996
Randomized Controlled Trial Clinical TrialA new route, jet-injection for anesthetic induction in children - II. ketamine dose-range finding studies.
Ketamine (K) i.m. has been widely used for anesthetic induction in small children in the last decades, if mask induction has failed. In many instances, however, physical restraint was required. In order to eliminate the pain of i.m. injection and to prevent the psychological and physical trauma associated with restraint, we evaluated the utility of jet-injection (j.i.) of K for anesthetic induction in a dose-range finding study. ⋯ None of the children experienced unpleasant recall or pain for the injection or the whole procedure. This new route of anesthetic induction with the jet-injector utilizing K may provide pain-free and stress-free induction as compared to its i.m. injection. This technique also prevents transmission of infection and is [correction of and cost] cost effective since simultaneous and/or sequential injection can be given from a single vial of K.