Therapie
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Ketamine is frequently used in the management of refractory chronic pain. To date, the level of proof in the literature on ketamine in this type of indication is generally poor and physicians have no consensus or recommendation to support their practice. ⋯ The electronic search of the Medline, PubMed, Google Scholar and Cochrane databases identified a total of 61 articles including randomized and non-randomized trials and 14 international reviews. In view of these data, it is difficult to conclude on the effectiveness of ketamine in this type of indication and on its safety due to the heterogeneity of practice in terms of doses, routes, duration and frequency of administration and especially a lack of clinical trials with a high level of evidence.
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Over the course of these last decades, we observed a change on opioid use with the marketing of opiate maintenance treatment, an increase of opioids used for pain management and recent concerns have arisen around the use of synthetic opioid. The World Health Organization (WHO) reports around 70,000 people opioid overdose death each year. In France, according to the DRAMES program (fatalities in relation with abuse of licit or illicit drugs) of the French addictovigilance network, most of deaths are related to opioids overdose (especially methadone, following by heroin, buprenorphine and opioid used for pain management). ⋯ In 2014, the WHO published recommendations for this provision and the need to train users and their entourage in the management of opioid overdose. In this context, in July 2016, French drug agency has granted a temporary authorization for use of a naloxone nasal spray Nalscue®. Because different opioids can be used and because each opioid has specific characteristics (pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics, galenic form…), the risk of overdose may differ from one opioid to another and it may be necessary, depending on the clinical context, to use larger and repeated doses of naloxone.