Brain Stimul
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High frequency stimulation (HFS) of the subthalamic nucleus (STN-DBS) has been shown to have little impact on postural control and gait improvements in Parkinson's disease (PD). There is a lack of consensus and quantitative evidence to suggest that stimulating STN at a lower frequency (LFS) as compared to HFS will be superior in improving symptoms. ⋯ The positive effects of both LFS and HFS on postural control and gait were similar and clinical changes were relatively small. LFS may not help improve postural control, and gait particularly for persons with PD who do not develop gait-related disorders after HFS.
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The distinctive feature of unresponsive wakefulness syndrome (UWS) is the dissociation between arousal and awareness. Cortico-cortical and thalamo-cortical connectivity and plasticity play a key role in consciousness. UWS patients do not usually show any "cortical" behavioral sign in response to painful stimulation. Nevertheless a "focal conscious" pain perception has been hypothesized. ⋯ Although we studied a small cohort of post-anoxic UWS patients and the results obtained were short-lasting, L-PAS seems a feasible and suitable technique in order to induce plastic change within pain matrix in some UWS patients, allowing the production of "cortical" responses to painful stimuli, which are signs of at least partially ("focal") preserved consciousness. Cortico-thalamic plasticity could have also an important role in the emergence of pain perception as compared to other sensory modalities.
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Noninvasive brain stimulation (NIBS) techniques such as transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and transcranial current stimulation (tCS) have the potential to mitigate a variety of symptoms associated with neurological and psychiatric conditions, including stroke, cerebral palsy, autism, depression, and Tourette syndrome. While the safety of these modalities has been established in adults, there is a paucity of research assessing the safety of NIBS among children. ⋯ Our findings indicate that both repetitive TMS and tCS are safe modalities in children and adolescents with various neurological conditions, especially when safety guidelines are followed. The incidence of adverse events appears to be similar to that observed in adults; however, further studies with longer treatment and follow-up periods are needed to better understand the benefits and tolerance of long-term use of NIBS in children.
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Controlled Clinical Trial
Prolonged continuous theta-burst stimulation is more analgesic than 'classical' high frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation.
Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) of the primary motor cortex (M1) at high frequency (>5 Hz) induces analgesic effects, probably by activating pain modulation systems. A new rTMS paradigm--theta burst stimulation (TBS)--consists of bursts of three pulses at 50 Hz repeated five times per second. Like high frequency rTMS, both intermittent and prolonged continuous TBS (iTBS and pcTBS) lead to a facilitation of cortical excitability. ⋯ Prolonged cTBS has considerable clinical potential, as it has a shorter treatment duration (by a factor 8) and stronger analgesic effects than the classical high frequency protocol. Studies in patients are required to confirm the potential of this new stimulation paradigm for clinical applications.