Neurosciences
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Epilepsy is a common and serious chronic neurological disorder, affecting around 65 million people worldwide. Despite the advances in pharmacologic treatments for epilepsy, approximately 30% of the patients remain medically refractory and continue to have seizures on medications, in such cases, other treatment approaches are necessary. ⋯ Vagus nerve stimulation, deep brain stimulation of the anterior nucleus of thalamus, and responsive neurostimulation have class I evidence supporting their use in patients with intractable epilepsy. In this review, we discuss the evidence of these therapeutic modalities, their mechanism of action, efficacy, outcome, and their application in clinical use.