The Medical journal of Australia
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Radiotherapy is an effective treatment modality commonly used in efforts to cure many localised cancers and in the palliation of symptoms in metastatic cancers. Immunotherapy has revolutionised cancer care by increasing the disease control and overall survival of patients in several cancer types; however, the majority of patients do not respond to currently available therapies based on immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs). The benefit of those agents is limited to patients who have a pre-existing active immune microenvironment that can be reactivated by ICIs. ⋯ Radiotherapy increases expression of tumour-associated antigens, causes the release of cytokines, stimulates recruitment of dendritic cells and, most importantly, stimulates the proliferation and priming of cytotoxic CD8+ T cells in the tumour microenvironment. This immunological cascade specifically generates activated T cells able to induce immunogenic cell death directed against cancer cells bearing those antigens. By its ability to overcome some tumour immune escape mechanisms, radiation provides a non-pharmacological and cost-effective approach to potentially improve the systemic response to immune checkpoints inhibitors.
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To identify factors associated with receiving acute goal-directed treatment, being assessed for ongoing rehabilitation, and receiving post-acute rehabilitation after having a stroke. ⋯ Access to stroke units and to early and ongoing rehabilitation for patients after stroke can be improved in Australia, both to optimise outcomes and to reduce the burden of care on underresourced community and primary care providers.
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The evidence-based national clinical practice guidelines for the management of cutaneous melanoma published in 2008 are currently being updated. This article summarises the findings from multiple chapters of the guidelines on different methods of melanoma detection and of monitoring the skin for patients at high risk of melanoma. Early detection of melanoma is critical, as thinner tumours are associated with enhanced survival; therefore, strategies to improve early detection are important to reduce melanoma-related mortality. ⋯ Determining the relative indications for each diagnostic method and how each method should be introduced into the surveillance of a patient requires careful consideration and an individualised approach.
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To investigate screening with the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) as part of Queensland prenatal care services, as well as maternal and socio-demographic factors associated with not being screened. ⋯ Four years after clinical guidelines recommending universal screening with the EPDS were published, screening rates for private and public health care patients differed markedly. Our results may inform future comparisons and analyses of the impact on screening of recent changes to Medicare definitions intended to increase that of women in private health care.
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To determine the feasibility of linking data from the Australian Stroke Clinical Registry (AuSCR), the National Death Index (NDI), and state-managed databases for hospital admissions and emergency presentations; to evaluate data completeness and concordance between datasets for common variables. ⋯ We report the first linkage of data from an Australian national clinical quality disease registry with routinely collected data from several national and state government health datasets. Data linkage enriches the clinical registry dataset and provides additional information beyond that for the acute care setting and quality of life at follow-up, allowing clinical outcomes for people with stroke (mortality and hospital contacts) to be more comprehensively assessed.