Arch Intern Med
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To examine the relations of cardiorespiratory fitness, as measured by maximal oxygen uptake and exercise test duration at the initiation of the study, with overall, cardiovascular disease (CVD)-related, and non-CVD-related mortality. ⋯ Cardiorespiratory fitness had a strong, graded, inverse association with overall, CVD-related, and non-CVD-related mortality. Maximal oxygen uptake and exercise test duration represent the strongest predictors of mortality.
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Randomized Controlled Trial Clinical Trial
Effects of reduced sodium intake on hypertension control in older individuals: results from the Trial of Nonpharmacologic Interventions in the Elderly (TONE).
Few trials have evaluated the effects of reduced sodium intake in older individuals, and no trial has examined the effects in relevant subgroups such as African Americans. ⋯ A reduced sodium intake is a broadly effective, nonpharmacologic therapy that can lower BP and control hypertension in older individuals.
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Recent studies of exercise-induced hypoxemia in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) have shown that oxygen supplementation during exertion increases exercise tolerance and alleviates dyspnea. Although measurements of forced expiratory volume in 1 second and diffusion capacity for carbon monoxide (DLCO) are known to predict exercise-induced desaturation in patients with COPD, baseline oxygen saturation has never been studied as a predictor of exercise-induced desaturation. ⋯ In patients with COPD, baseline saturation of 95% or less is a good screening test for exercise desaturation, especially in patients with DLCO greater than 36%. This readily available office screening procedure merits further study in larger prospective patient cohorts.
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The cost associated with education of residents is of interest from an educational as well as a political perspective. Most studies report a single institution's actual incurred costs, based on traditional cost accounting methods. We quantified the minimum instructional and program-specific administrative costs for residency training in internal medicine. ⋯ There are fixed and variable costs associated with sponsorship of accredited internal medicine residency programs. The minimum cost per resident of education and departmental administration varies inversely with program size within the sizes examined.