B Acad Nat Med Paris
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Brain development is a complex phenomenon, stretching from fetal life to adolescence, during which brain maturation proceeds through a series of ordered events including critical periods of plasticity. The brain is particularly sensitive to the environment during these changes. The endocannabinoid system participates directly and indirectly in these plasticity and maturation processes. ⋯ Therefore, exposure to cannabis in utero, in perinatal phase, as well as during the adolescence disrupts the brain maturation and can cause disturbances on the cognitive, psychotic and addictive levels that persist far beyond the period of exposure. Several factors modulate the risk of such complications, but studies performed in animal models as well as in human cohorts have shown that exposure during both the critical perinatal and adolescence phases is a risk factor per se. Current knowledge encourages the dissemination of objective information to young people, to prevent and limit early exposure and its consequences.
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B Acad Nat Med Paris · Jun 2020
Review[Testing for cannabis and synthetic cannabinoids in human specimens].
Among the 60 or so various cannabinoids which are present in cannabis sativa indica, terpenophenols are mainly found, including delta-9-trans tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC) which is the major psychoactive ingredient. Over the last decade, due to the emergence of e-commerce and the continuous investigations by pharmaceutical groups to identify new active molecules, synthetic cannabinoids have been proposed. These compounds, under the generic name "spices" have chemical structures very different from that of Δ9-THC, but share the same CB1 and CB2 receptors. ⋯ All these drugs are controlled. This means that they have to be tested in human biological specimens to document abuse. The aim of this mini-review is to present what has been described in the scientific literature according to the available specimens (blood, urine, saliva, sweat, hair and exhaled breath), focussing on the current advantages and limitations of each test.
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B Acad Nat Med Paris · Jun 2020
Review[Complications of tattoos: clinical and pathological classification, pathophysiology, particle kinetics].
Tattoos are more and more frequent and their surface is increasing. They are also becoming more and more colorful. ⋯ The long-term effects of the presence of carcinogenic products and nanoparticles justify the carrying out of prospective studies. The public should be made aware of these complications and of the difficulties of tattoo removal.
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B Acad Nat Med Paris · Jun 2020
Review[Recreational use of cannabis: from effects to harm Epidemiological data].
As the medical use of so-called "therapeutic cannabis" is in the process of being approved in France, the opening to its recreational use is the next logical step, as it has been always the chronology followed in all countries. Indeed, those who have legalized the drug have previously approved its therapeutic use. This "justifying a project phase" stage seems unavoidable. ⋯ Estimated at 12.7% in 1992, it reached 44.8% in 2017. Moreover, 25% of users in the year aged from 18 to 64 years old were at high risk of problematic use or dependence in 2017. This figure is worrying because it is constantly increasing; it affects 3% of 18-64-year-old, just over a million people.