Dtsch Arztebl Int
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Dtsch Arztebl Int
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Observational epidemiological studies often yield different results on the same research question. In this article, we explain how this comes about. ⋯ The above reasons why epidemiological study results can be heterogeneous are explained in this review. Quantitative bias analyses and sensitivity analyses with alternative data evaluation strategies can help explain divergent results on one and the same question.