Int J Med Sci
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Spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is associated with high mortality and disability rates. The microglia-induced inflammatory response is a critical factor determining brain tissue damage after ICH. ⋯ Mechanistically, RA downregulated the TLR4-mediated pro-inflammatory effectors, reduced infiltration of microglia in peri-intracerebral hemorrhage and inhibited apoptosis of neurons co-cultured with activated microglia. In conclusion, RA can alleviate ICH-related tissue damage and promote the recovery of neuronal function by suppressing microglia-induced inflammation and apoptosis.
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High mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) is a damage-associated molecular pattern integral for hypoxic-ischemic brain damage (HIBD) in neonatal rats since it regulates the phenotypic polarization of microglia, as depicted in our previous studies. Since this mechanism is not clear, this study establishes an oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) model of highly aggressively proliferating immortalized microglia while modulating the expression of HMGB1 by plasmid transfection. The M1/M2 microglial phenotype and receptor for advanced glycation end products-phosphoinositide 3-kinase/Akt (RAGE-PI3K/Akt) activation were evaluated, showing that HMGB1 promoted the polarization of microglia to the M1 phenotype under OGD conditions. ⋯ Concurrently, inhibition of the HMGB1-RAGE-PI3K/Akt pathway alleviated neuronal damage in the hippocampus. These findings verified that HMGB1 could lead to an imbalance in M1/M2 microglial polarization through activation of the RAGE-PI3K/Akt signaling pathway under OGD conditions. Obstructing this pathway may attenuate the imbalanced polarization of microglia, enabling its utilization as a therapeutic strategy against brain injury in HIBD.
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Among geriatric diseases, cerebrovascular disease ranks fourth according to the Causes of Death Statistics in 2019, Korea, and is the most common cause of acquired disorders in adults. Daehwang-Hwanglyoun-Sasim-Tang (DHST), a herbal prescription consisting of two herbal medicines, Rhei Rhizoma and Coptidis Rhizoma, has been reported to have anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anticancer effects. This study was conducted to confirm the anti-inflammatory mechanism of DHST treatment in ischemic brain injury and to confirm the role of DHST in cognitive function improvement. ⋯ In the 50 mL/kg DHST (H-DHST) group, the expression of apoptosis-related proteins was reduced and neuronal damage was suppressed in the hippocampal CA1 region. However, cognitive improvement was observed in the H-DHST group that was attributable to anti-inflammatory and antiapoptotic pathways. In the 5 mL/kg DHST group, no significant effect was observed compared with the control group.
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Background: We hypothesized that the expression of exosomes under general anaesthesia with an inhalational anaesthetic agent would be changed. The study was designed to confirm the effect of general anesthesia with an inhalational anaesthetic agent on the expression of exosomes in rats. Methods: After intraperitoneal administration for the mixture of ketamine and xylazine, tracheal intubation was performed. ⋯ The cytokines in the blood did not show any significant difference before and after anaesthesia with isoflurane. Conclusion: General anaesthesia with an inhalational anaesthetic agent increased the expression of exosomes in the blood. However, the change was limited in the blood, not the alveoli and the brain.
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Traumatic brain injury is a medical event of global concern, and a growing body of research suggests that circular RNAs can play very important roles in traumatic brain injury. To explore the functions of more novel and valuable circular RNA in traumatic brain injury response, a moderate traumatic brain injury in rats was established and comprehensive analysis of circular RNA expression profiles in rat cerebral cortex was done. ⋯ This study showed that differentially expressed circular RNAs existed between rat cerebral cortex after moderate traumatic brain injury and control. And this will provide valuable information for circular RNA research in the field of traumatic brain injury.