J Res Med Sci
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Retraction Of Publication
Retraction: Gastrointestinal dysfunction in idiopathic Parkinsonism: A narrative review.
[This retracts the article on p. 126 in vol. 21, PMID: 28331512.].
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Review Retracted Publication
Gastrointestinal dysfunction in idiopathic Parkinsonism: A narrative review.
Currently, gastrointestinal (GI) dysfunctions in Parkinson's disease (PD) are well-recognized problems and are known to be the initial symptoms in the pathological process that eventually results in PD. Many types of PD-associated GI dysfunctions have been identified, including weight loss, nausea, hypersalivation, dysphagia, dyspepsia, abdominal pain, intestinal pseudo-obstruction, constipation, defecatory dysfunction, and small intestinal bacterial overgrowth. These symptoms can influence on other PD symptoms and are the second most significant predictor of the quality of life of these patients. ⋯ Symptoms of autonomic dysfunctions such as GI dysfunction are common in patients with parkinsonian disorders. Despite recent progress in the recognition of GI dysfunctions, there are a few reviews on the management of GI dysfunction and GI symptoms in idiopathic Parkinsonism. In this review, the clinical presentation, pathophysiology, and treatment of each GI symptom in PD, MSA, and prostate-specific antigen will be discussed.
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Retracted Publication
Obesity predictors in people with chronic spinal cord injury: A common mistake.