Pak J Med Sci
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Thyroid nodules (TNs) are abnormal growths of thyroid cells that form masses within the thyroid gland. TNs are common, and the importance lies in need to exclude thyroid cancer. This study was intended to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of ultrasonography for differentiating benign from malignant thyroid lesions in comparison with fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNA cytology). ⋯ B-mode ultrasonography is a valuable tool in differentiating benign from malignant thyroid lesions. It can almost always predict the benign nature of thyroid lesions with excellent diagnostic accuracy.
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The sub hepatic drain is often placed after laparoscopic cholecystectomy is considered to affect post operative infection, pain and sub hepatic collections. The objective of this study was to compare the degree of postoperative pain in patients with routine drainage with those without it after elective, uncomplicated laparoscopic cholecystectomy. ⋯ Routine placement of sub hepatic drain in elective uncomplicated laparoscopic cholecystectomy should be avoided to reduce post-operative pain.
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To make a comparison between standard doses of theophylline and caffeine for the treatment of apnea of prematurity. ⋯ Results of our study revealed that caffeine being more effective than Theophylline for treating apnea of prematurity.
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To determine frequency of electrolyte imbalance including sodium, chloride, potassium and magnesium levels present in patients with uncontrolled diabetes at a tertiary care hospital in Karachi. ⋯ Electrolyte imbalance is markedly present in patients with uncontrolled blood sugars therefore serum electrolytes should be routinely measured in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Serum fasting blood glucose can be used as a predictor for electrolytes.
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Medical education is in state of flux in Iraq. What used to be the best physicians and surgeons in the Arab world have fallen down to much lower status due to deliberate neglect and punishment of the intellectuals and professionals by the previous authorities. ⋯ It is up to the international community to join hands with the Medics International to expedite the process. One such effort was the medical education conference held on 15-16 September 2018 with large input from medical educationists from Pakistan.