Pak J Med Sci
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Online teaching and learning is not a new phenomenon. For the last many years, it has been mainly used as a part of face to face teaching. Assessment is an essential part of teaching and learning, as it establishes the achievement of course learning outcomes by the students. ⋯ During the COVID 19 pandemic, the educational environment has taken a paradigm shift in many medical schools, both nationally and internationally. This situation demands a method of assessment that is safe, valid, reliable, acceptable, feasible and fair. This paper describes the different formats of online assessment and their application in formative and summative assessments during and after the COVID 19 pandemic.
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The flow-volume loop (F/V-loop) is a presentation of inhalation and exhalation of air stream volume during inspiration and expiration. It demonstrates the obstructive, restrictive and mixed pattern lung pathology. Flow-volume loop has been extensively used for evaluating the severity, progression and resolution of various causes of upper-airway conditions.
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To compare the incidence of postoperative endophthalmitis after eventful cataract surgery i.e. posterior capsular rupture, in patients managed with anterior vitrectomy and intra ocular lens implantation intraoperatively to patients managed with anterior vitrectomy and intraocular lens implantation two weeks after the posterior capsule rupture. ⋯ This study showed that management of posterior capsular rupture through anterior vitrectomy and secondary intraocular lens implantation after two weeks has less chances of postoperative endophthalmitis.
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To discuss the referral mechanisms established for safe and expeditious inter-facility transfer of COVID 19 positive patients to ensure their referrals through establishing proper communication channels. ⋯ The development of referral mechanisms is the need of the day that has been highlighted through the COVID 19 pandemic. It is our hope that these mechanisms are sustained after the pandemic and result in improvement in patient outcome through proper referrals.