Respiratory care
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Comparative Study
Comparison of the bacterial etiology of early-onset and late-onset ventilator-associated pneumonia in subjects enrolled in 2 large clinical studies.
Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) is classified as early-onset or late-onset, in part, to identify subjects at risk for infection with resistant pathogens. We assessed differences in the bacterial etiology of early-onset versus late-onset VAP. ⋯ There were no significant differences in the prevalence of potential MDR pathogens associated with early-onset or late-onset VAP, even in subjects with prior antibiotics. Empiric therapy for early-onset VAP should also include agents likely to be effective for potential MDR pathogens. Further prospective studies should evaluate microbiology trends in subjects with VAP.
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Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a disease of small pulmonary arteries, characterized by vascular proliferation and remodeling. Progressive increase in pulmonary vascular resistance ultimately leads to right ventricular heart failure and death. PAH-specific drug therapy has improved clinical outcomes and survival. ⋯ The advent of PAH-targeted drug therapy has reduced referral for lung transplantation; however, severe complications require rapid diagnosis, decision making, and possible registration on a lung transplantation waiting list. PAH referral centers provide multidisciplinary emergency care and specific therapeutic management, contributing to improved quality of life and survival for PAH patients. We review the complications leading to sudden death in PAH.
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The resistance of the endotracheal tube (ETT), the heat and moisture exchanger (HME), and the ventilator may affect the patient's respiratory status. Although previous studies examined the inspiratory work of breathing (WOB), investigation of WOB in the expiratory phase is rare. We estimated tracheal pressure at the tip of the ETT (Ptrach) and calculated expiratory WOB imposed by the ETT, the HME, and the expiratory valve. We examined imposed expiratory WOB in patients under a continuous mandatory ventilation (CMV) mode and during spontaneous breathing trials (SBTs). We hypothesized that imposed expiratory WOB would increase with heightened ventilatory demand. ⋯ Under mechanical ventilation, imposed expiratory WOB should be considered in patients with higher minute ventilation.
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To update the state of knowledge on unplanned extubations (UEs) in neonatal ICUs. This review focuses on the following topics: incidence, risk factors, reintubation after UE, outcomes, and prevention. ⋯ Despite numerous publications on UE, there are few studies assessing preventive strategies for adverse events and there is a lack of randomized clinical trials. Recommendations are proposed based on the current available literature.
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Review Case Reports
Adult inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor of the trachea: case report and literature review.
Inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor of the trachea is a rare benign tumor in adults. It is mostly seen before the age of 16. ⋯ Bronchoscopic biopsy confirmed an inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor. She recovered after mechanical dilatation and resection via rigid bronchoscopy, followed by corticosteroid therapy.