Masui. The Japanese journal of anesthesiology
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We report a case of vasoplegic syndrome (VS) after aortic valve replacement in a 65 year old male with aortic stenosis. The patient developed hypotension after separation from cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). Transesophageal echocardiography revealed well-maintained cardiac function and normal prosthetic valve function. ⋯ Hypotension at the time of separation from CPB can be due to multiple factors. Despite an incidence rate of 10%, little is known about VS. We hope that, in future, tailored therapeutic protocols for VS will be developed.
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Examination of the literature suggests that the incidence of aspiration pneumonia in the perioperative period is relatively infrequent. Since Mendelson's report of aspiration pneumonitis in 1946, the factors that contribute to the likelihood of aspiration have been identified, and numerous attempts for preventions for regurgitation or pulmonary aspiration have been made. ⋯ Second generation supraglottic airways may not reduce the risk of regurgitation, but may reduce the chance of aspiration if the mask position is correct and drain tube works well. Because the mortality and morbidity of aspiration pneumonia remain relatively high, the preoperative risk evaluation is very important to avoid regurgitation or aspiration.
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Comparative Study
[Comparison of Sedative and Analgesic Requirements in Children with and without Down Syndrome following Pediatric Cardiac Surgery].
Conflicting results have been reported on postoperative analgesia in pediatric patients with Down syndrome. We compared sedative and analgesic requirements following cardiac surgery between pediatric patients with and without Down syndrome. ⋯ In our study, all enrolled patients received adequate sedation and analgesia after pediatric cardiac surgery. Sedative and analgesic doses following pediatric cardiac surgery were not different between the groups of Down syndrome and non-Down syndrome.
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Pulmonary aspiration of gastric or esophageal contents is uncommon; however, it is one of the most severe complications in the perioperative period. The aspiration is associated with possible clinical outcomes, ranging from mild asymptomatic limited episodes of bronchial injury up to the development of a severe acute respiratory distress syndrome. To reduce the incidence of pulmonary aspiration, rapid sequence induction and intubation and awake tracheal intubation are commonly chosen anesthetic techniques for the management of patients at risk of aspiration of gastric or esophageal contents. ⋯ Properly applied techniques are probably effective at preventing regurgitation in the perioperative period although more randomized controlled trials are awaited to confirm this. Pulmonary aspiration should be prevented using multidisciplinary techniques and considerations that have been shown to improve effectiveness of prophylaxes. However, further research is necessary to support this strategy.
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Since the risk of pulmonary aspiration was recognized in obstetric anesthesia in 1930's, numerous efforts have been made to reduce the incidence and severity of perioperative pulmonary aspiration: preoperative fasting, preoperative assessment of risk factors in perioperative pulmonary aspiration, emptying the stomach, rapid-sequence induction of anesthesia with cricoid pressure, and the use of a cuffed tracheal tube. With these efforts, the incidence of pulmonary aspiration has been reduced drastically, and aspiration is now rare. Nevertheless, recent large studies have shown that perioperative pulmonary aspiration is the main cause of anesthesia-related death or irreversible brain damage. In this special issue, experts summarize the current state of perioperative pulmonary aspiration, its diagnosis and treatment, risk factors of pulmonary aspiration, preoperative preventative methods, and appropriate anesthesia methods and airway management in patients at increased risk of pulmonary aspiration.