AANA journal
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Noise is a health hazard and a source of stress, and it impairs concentration and communication. Since 1960, hospital noise levels have risen around the world. Nowhere in the healthcare setting is noise more prevalent than in the operating room (OR). ⋯ The World Health Organization has recognized environmental noise as harmful pollution that causesadverse effects on health. Although noise in the OR is unavoidable, music is a choice. The purpose of this literature review is to provide further insight into the ramifications of the presence of music in the OR, evaluate its appropriateness in relation to care and safety for the patient and staff, and provide information for future research.
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The goal of this literature review is to provide the anesthesia practitioner with the skill set to detect and prepare for a difficult pediatric airway. The authors have reviewed and compiled information on some of the most common conditions that can predispose pediatric patients to a difficulty airway, such as macroglossia, mandibular hypoplasia, micrognathia, cervical instability, limited cervical movement, maxillary and midfacial hypoplasia, and cleft palate. This article provides an overview of preoperative assessment techniques, normal pediatric airway anatomy, and respiratory physiology. An emphasis is placed on some common syndromes and their related anatomical abnormalities that can compromise the airway, as well as anesthetic approaches recommended to successfully secure a potentially difficult airway.